Indicators of energy access in rural areas of Tanzania: an application of confirmatory factor analysis approach
Main Article Content
Abstract
Energy access plays a crucial role in enhancing the social-economic development among the household members in any nation. Notwithstanding the role of energy access in improving the livelihood of people, the problem of energy access has revealed to be more serious in rural areas of Tanzania. The increased in problem of energy access in rural areas of the developing countries is due to the absence of a unified set of indicators for measuring the energy access to rural households from developing countries including Tanzania. This study therefore, aimed at determining the indicators of energy access in rural areas of Tanzania.
The study employed Cross- sectional type of the research design to collect data from 384 heads of household from the rural areas of Njombe and Iringa regions in Tanzania. Moreover, the Quantitative Exploratory Factor Analysis using Principal Component analysis and varimax method was employed to determine the indicators of energy access. The identified indicators using exploratory Factor Analysis was further confirmed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis. The study findings revealed that, the indicators for measuring the provision of energy access to rural households in developing countries including Tanzania ranked based on its importance are: availability, affordability, durability, efficient, no production of smokes, easy to use and ability to keep cooking facilities clean.
Based on these findings, the study concludes that, indicators of energy access are important in enhancing the social economic development and improvement of the livelihood of people in rural areas. In the light of this conclusion the study recommends to government energy experts and other practitioners of to use the identified indictors when measuring energy access to rural households in Tanzania in order to improve the livelihood and their standard of living.
Downloads
Article Details
1. Proposal of Policy for Free Access Periodics
Authors whom publish in this magazine should agree to the following terms:
a. Authors should keep the copyrights and grant to the magazine the right of the first publication, with the work simultaneously permitted under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 that allows the sharing of the work with recognition of the authorship of the work and initial publication in this magazine.
b. Authors should have authorization for assuming additional contracts separately, for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in this magazine (e.g.: to publish in an institutional repository or as book chapter), with recognition of authorship and initial publication in this magazine.
c. Authors should have permission and should be stimulated to publish and to distribute its work online (e.g.: in institutional repositories or its personal page) to any point before or during the publishing process, since this can generate productive alterations, as well as increasing the impact and the citation of the published work (See The Effect of Free Access).
Proposal of Policy for Periodic that offer Postponed Free Access
Authors whom publish in this magazine should agree to the following terms:
a. Authors should keep the copyrights and grant to the magazine the right of the first publication, with the work simultaneously permitted under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 [SPECIFY TIME HERE] after the publication, allowing the sharing of the work with recognition of the authorship of the work and initial publication in this magazine.
b. Authors should have authorization for assuming additional contracts separately, for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in this magazine (e.g.: to publish in institutional repository or as book chapter), with recognition of authorship and initial publication in this magazine.
c. Authors should have permission and should be stimulated to publish and to distribute its work online (e.g.: in institutional repositories or its personal page) to any point before or during the publishing process, since this can generate productive alterations, as well as increasing the impact and the citation of the published work (See The Effect of Free Access).
d. They allow some kind of open dissemination. Authors can disseminate their articles in open access, but with specific conditions imposed by the editor that are related to:
Version of the article that can be deposited in the repository:
Pre-print: before being reviewed by pairs.
Post-print: once reviewed by pairs, which can be:
The version of the author that has been accepted for publication.
The editor's version, that is, the article published in the magazine.
At which point the article can be made accessible in an open manner: before it is published in the magazine, immediately afterwards or if a period of seizure is required, which can range from six months to several years.
Where to leave open: on the author's personal web page, only departmental websites, the repository of the institution, the file of the research funding agency, among others.
References
BHATTACHARYYA (2015) Sustainable energy development index: A multi-dimensional indicator for measuring sustainable energy development. Journal of Sustainable energy development
BHATTACHARYYA (2012) Energy Access Programmes and Sustainable Development: A Critical Review and Analysis. Energy for Sustainable Development, n. 16, p. 260–271.
BHATTACHARYYA (2016) Min-grid based off-grid electrification to enhance electricity access in developing countries: What policy may be required, Eenergy policy, v. 94 p. 166-178 Doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2016.04.010
COELHO, S. T.; GOLDEMBERG, J. (2013) Energy access: Lessons learned in Brazil and perspectives for replication in other developing countries, Energy Policy, v. 61, p. 1088-1096, DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2013.05.062
IEA (2012) World energy outlook. Measuring progress towards energy for all
IEA (2013) World energy outlook. Measuring progress towards energy for all
IEA (2016) World energy outlook. Measuring progress towards energy for all
MAINALI, B. (2014) Sustainability of rural energy access in developing countries. Thesis (Doctoral in Energy and Climate Studies Unit). Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology. ISBN: 978-91-7595-003-7.
MENSAH, G. S.; KEMAUSUOR, F.; BREW-HAMMOND, A. (2014) Energy access indicators and trends in Ghana. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, n. 30, p. 317-323.
MWAKAPUGI, A.; SAMJI, W.; SMITH, S. (2010) The Tanzanian energy sector: The potential for job creation and productivity gains through expanded electrification. Tanzania: Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA). ISBN: 978-9987-615-58-2
PACHAURI, S.; JIANG, L. (2008) The Household Energy Transition in India and China. Interim Report IR-08-009. Laxenburg, Austria: IIASA.
PACHAURI, S. (2011) Reaching an international consensus on defining modern energy access, Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, v. 3, n. 4, p. 235-40.
SUDHAKARA, B. R. (2015) Access to modern energy services: An economic and policy framework, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, v. 47, p. 198-212. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.03.058