TWO
METHODS TO CREATE FREE ENERGY
Florian
Ion Tiberiu Petrescu
IFToMM, Romania
E-mail: fitpetrescu@gmail.com
Relly
Victoria Virgil Petrescu
IFToMM, Romania
E-mail: rvvpetrescu@gmail.com
Submission: 1/25/2019
Revision: 4/10/2019
Accept: 9/19/2019
ABSTRACT
Today, the best way
to get free energy is nuclear, through fission, and hopefully soon through
fusion. The best way to get clean and friendly energy in a sustainable way
remains the start of the nuclear fusion reaction at an industrial scale.
Nuclear fusion is the combination of two light nuclei in a heavier nucleus.
Fusion or thermonuclear reaction of light elements are typical reactions that
occur in the Sun and other stars. Indeed, in the Sun, every second, 657 million
tons of hydrogen are converted into 653 million tons of helium. The 4 million
tonnes missing are then converted to radiation - this phenomenon assuring the
sun's shine. A fusion reaction in which a relatively large amount of energy
(27.7 MeV) is released is one in which four protons interact leading to the
formation of a helium nucleus (an alpha particle). The paper proposes two
modern methods of obtaining free energy, one of which is somewhat strange, the
capillarity. Until one of the two new ideas proposed, the first for the start
of the nuclear fusion reaction, and the second one for the possible
construction of capillary power plants in the future, it is still necessary to
keep the green energy of any type already existing and nuclear fission.
Keywords: Nuclear power, Nuclear energy, Nuclear
fusion, Capillarity, Water, Energy, Hydraulic plant
1.
INTRODUCTION
In its elementary form, matter condenses when moving at
higher speeds, although mass increases significantly with impulse, energy, and
power, its dimensions are drastically reduced at the same time.
If one tries to determine the dimensions of the
elementary particles based on the static hypothesis, we obtain completely
erroneous values and therefore the static calculations used over
time have led to huge errors in the theories created so that the hydrogen
fusion element is not possible the hydrogen fusion reaction at high or low
temperatures can not begin as long as the actual dimensions of elemental
hydrogen have been completely altered in relation to their speeds. On the other
hand, the elementary particles move constantly, so static assumptions cannot be
applied in any form.
Let's imagine the hot fusion of hydrogen as it happens
in the stars. In order for the brunch of the particles to be intense enough to
generate natural fusion reactions, it takes massive temperatures and pressures
that we have not imagined or even imagined, so there is no real chance of
making the Earth in the laboratory and fewer industrial conditions. Such huge
temperatures cannot yet be performed in the laboratory and we do not have at
least the tools to measure them (HALLIDAY; ROBERT, 1966).
An atom consists of a small central nucleus, but very
dense, positively charged (negatively), surrounded by a cloud of electrons
(positrons). The range of the static nucleus ranges from about 1x10-15
m for hydrogen to about 7x10-15 m for the heaviest known atom. Also,
under these conditions, the outer diameter of the atom (the external electron
cloud) is in the range of 1-3x10-10 m, ie approximately 105
times the diameter of the nucleus. The so-called static measurements are made
at low atomic or nuclear velocities. In reality, when a nucleus moves at a
higher velocity, it changes its dimensions, a change that can be significant
depending on its linear displacement velocity v (PETRESCU; PETRESCU, 2011; PETRESCU;
PETRESCU, 2012; PETRESCU; PETRESCU, 2014; PETRESCU; PETRESCU, 2018; PETRESCU;
PETRESCU, 2019; PETRESCU; CALAUTIT, 2016a; PETRESCU; CALAUTIT, 2016b; PETRESCU et
al., 2016a; PETRESCU et al., 2016b; PETRESCU et al., 2016c; PETRESCU et al., 2017a;
PETRESCU et al., 2017b; PETRESCU et al., 2017c; PETRESCU et al., 2017d;
PETRESCU, 2012; PETRESCU, 2018; PETRESCU, 2019).
Instead, the simple fusion of elemental hydrogen can
only be achieved if the particles involved are initially accelerated to the
required energy and speed so they can overcome the electrostatic force barrier.
If the mixture is heated to obtain a slight movement of
the natural particles, additional conditions can be created for the fusion of
the industrial or industrial laboratory with elemental hydrogen. We can also
talk about hot or combined fusion, but the main condition remains the required
acceleration of elemental particles, usually in particle accelerators that
circulate. Normally, another obligatory condition is to make the plasma state,
to ionize the mixture so that we do not work with hydrogen atoms, but with
positive ions, because only they can be accelerated (PETRESCU; PETRESCU, 2011; PETRESCU;
PETRESCU, 2012; PETRESCU; PETRESCU, 2014; PETRESCU; PETRESCU, 2018; PETRESCU;
PETRESCU, 2019; PETRESCU; CALAUTIT, 2016a; PETRESCU; CALAUTIT, 2016b; PETRESCU et
al., 2016a; PETRESCU et al., 2016b; PETRESCU et al., 2016c; PETRESCU et al., 2017a;
PETRESCU et al., 2017b; PETRESCU et al., 2017c; PETRESCU et al., 2017d;
PETRESCU, 2012; PETRESCU, 2018; PETRESCU, 2019).
Ionization is required irrespective of the type of
hydrogen isotope used. The most commonly used are deuterium atoms, the second
isotope of hydrogen, which produces deuterium ions that can accelerate and thus
create optimal conditions for triggering the nuclear fusion reaction. However,
in a forthcoming paper, we will show that a faster fusion reaction may be
triggered from the third hydrogen isotope, the tritium atom which, when
ionized, generates a slightly accelerated Triton.
It cannot be said that under the laboratory conditions
it would be possible to fuse the first isotonic hydrogen (countercurrent) with
its ionic protonic state to accelerate, but in the future, such attempts would
make it possible to find a reality that would answer an important question.
The best way to get clean and friendly energy in a
sustainable way remains the start of the nuclear fusion reaction at an
industrial scale. Nuclear fusion is
the combination of two light nuclei in a heavier nucleus. Fusion or
thermonuclear reaction of light elements are typical reactions that occur in
the Sun and other stars. Indeed, in the Sun, every second, 657 million tons of
hydrogen are converted into 653 million tons of helium. The 4 million tonnes
missing are then converted to radiation - this phenomenon assuring the sun's
shine. Extreme and high-pressure temperatures create a highly ionized state of
matter, called plasma, and which is maintained in the volume by gravitational
forces.
A fusion reaction in which a relatively large amount of
energy (27.7 MeV) is released is one in which four protons interact leading to
the formation of a helium nucleus (an alpha particle). Because hydrogen
isotopes are used in this process, and hydrogen is virtually all around us, the
idea of getting energy from its fusion is extremely attractive:
it basically provides an unlimited source of energy for future generations!
Fusion reactions, however, are not easy to achieve on
Earth. It should be borne in mind that the necessary temperatures are extremely
high, generally in the order of hundreds of millions of Kelvin degrees. and
once the hot plasma created remains the problem of maintaining it that is not a
very easy one.
Our anthropic gas and natural carbon dioxide (CO2) are
released daily into the earth's atmosphere and can last for the next 100 years.
Carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gases emitted by anthropogenic activities,
is naturally present in the atmosphere as part of the earth's carbon cycle that
has been altered by human activities, affecting the ability of natural CO2 reservoirs
to eliminate this gas. Global carbon emissions per year (C) of fossil fuels
were around 10,000 gigatons (equivalent to 36,700 gigatons of carbon dioxide
per year) in the past few years and steadily increased at a rate of 1%.
This increased carbon dioxide content favors the global
warming of our planet. Response to global warming is the exchange and upgrading
of current alternative technologies with comparable or even higher performance.
A serious crisis in energy resources characterized the
1970s and 1980s. Hydrocarbon-based energies were polluting while tired.
Vehicles combined with fossil fuels and large industries (large energy
consumers) have grown continuously. Then there was an urgent need to develop
new energy resources. Nuclear fission energy has been introduced into these
dramatic scenarios as a necessary evil. Nuclear fission power plants have
supplied a great deal of energy to our blue plant (PETRESCU; PETRESCU, 2011; PETRESCU;
PETRESCU, 2012; PETRESCU; PETRESCU, 2014).
These nuclear power plants have great advantages but
also many disadvantages: the nuclear fission power has managed to overcome the
existing energy deficit and give more time to large oil companies to discover
new oil, gas and shale deposits. In addition, under controlled conditions,
nuclear fission energy is generally cheap and safe. However, even if nuclear
fission uses a fuel (uranium) that exists in large quantities on the planet, it
starts to decrease, as is already the case for hydrocarbons. Moreover, the most
thorny problem in the nuclear fission facility remains that both fuel (enriched
uranium) and depleted by-products are radioactive and dangerous.
The power of nuclear fission was then a necessary but
hardly tolerated evil. Despite all the associated risks, using this type of
energy manages the critical crisis of human energy growth until new advanced
technologies allow us to move to cleaner alternative energies.
Fusion nuclear power, once again implemented, could be
the most powerful source of energy for mankind. Although significant progress
has been made in this direction, fusion facilities have not yet been
implemented. Nuclear fusion power could not yet be done, but their season is
rapidly approaching. The advantages of nuclear fusion energy are enormous.
First, the fuel used in this technology (hydrogen or
water) is not radioactive. Of course, this is not the first isotope of hydrogen
or of normal water, because the fusion reaction between two protons is
extremely difficult (only at high temperatures of the stars). It usually uses
the second hydrogen isotope (deuterium which is the nucleus of a proton and
neutron) or heavy water (a molecule containing an oxygen atom and two deuterium
atoms). Water is found everywhere so that the fuel required for the fusion
reaction is infinite, inexpensive, easy to find, friendly and non-toxic or
radioactive. The technology of heavy water production in today's waters is well
planned.
The products resulting from the fusion reactions are a
large amount of energy and helium (an inert gas), so without radioactive waste
(such as nuclear fission). The reaction itself is much easier to control (DE
NINNO et al., 2002).
Because it is unpredictable when fusion plants will
operate in large quantities, it is convincing to offer our green energy farms
in advance. Environmental protection through the implementation of green energy
becomes a daily reality. Various sources of green energy have been introduced,
especially in recent years, across the planet. The process, which has just
begun, but ultimately led to the acceleration and implementation of new green
energy sources, is still affected by major emerging hurdles.
The most difficult obstacle in the world was the
unpredictable and fluctuating green energy production. new energies must not
have disagreeable consequences, such as those produced for fossil fuels or
nuclear energy. The values of alternative planetary energy
sources must be renewable and are considered as "free" energy
sources. These sources have to have low carbon emissions compared to
conventional energy sources.
These may include biomass, wind, photovoltaic,
geothermal, hydroelectric, tidal, wave or nuclear (PETRESCU; PETRESCU, 2014).
The most numerous nowadays, because they are easy to
build and exploit, are wind and solar photovoltaic farms. But their reliability
and technical problem are phases when they produce less or do not produce at
all.
One can build nuclear power plants specially designed
to represent a factual energy buffer. These specially designed nuclear power
plants can become an efficient energy buffer capable of operating at a minimum
capacity when the wind or wind (eg when the wind turbine or photovoltaic power
operates at full capacity) increases regularly but gradually increases when
wind energy is reduced or stopped (HALLIDAY; ROBERT, 1966; PETRESCU; CALAUTIT,
2016a; PETRESCU; CALAUTIT, 2016b; PETRESCU et al., 2016a; PETRESCU et al., 2016b;
PETRESCU et al., 2016c; PETRESCU et al., 2017; PETRESCU et al., 2018; PETRESCU,
2018).
However, even if nuclear fission uses a fuel (uranium)
that exists in large quantities on the planet, it starts to decrease, as is
already the case for hydrocarbons. Moreover, the most thorny problem in the
nuclear fission facility remains that both fuel (enriched uranium) and depleted
by-products are radioactive and dangerous.
The power of nuclear fission was then a necessary but
hardly tolerated evil. Despite all the associated risks, using this type of
energy manages the critical crisis of human energy growth until new advanced
technologies allow us to move to cleaner alternative energies.
Fusion nuclear power, once again implemented, could be
the most powerful source of energy for mankind. Although significant progress
has been made in this direction, fusion facilities have not yet been
implemented. Nuclear fusion power could not yet be done, but their season is
rapidly approaching. The advantages of nuclear fusion energy are enormous.
First, the fuel used in this technology (hydrogen or
water) is not radioactive. Of course, this is not the first isotope of hydrogen
or of normal water, because the fusion reaction between two protons is
extremely difficult (only at high star temperatures). It usually uses the
second hydrogen isotope (deuterium which is the nucleus of a proton and
neutron) or heavy water (a molecule containing an oxygen atom and two deuterium
atoms). Water is found everywhere so that the fuel required for the fusion
reaction is infinite, inexpensive, easy to find, friendly and non-toxic or
radioactive. The technology of heavy water production in today's waters is well
planned.
The third element of the Mendeleev meal (lithium) is
found in nature in sufficient quantities. Neutrons required to produce reaction
5 (with lithium) develop from the second and the first and third reactions.
This means that deuterium (heavy water) should be added to lithium.
The raw materials for fusion are deuterium and lithium.
All fusion reactions displayed ultimately generate energy and He is recognized
as an inert element. For this reason, the fusion reaction is clean and far
superior to nuclear fission.
The fusion merger occurs spontaneously at very high
temperatures. Getting the high temperature required for hot fusion is still
difficult and that is why we must now focus on cold nuclear fusion. To induce
cold fusion, we need to accelerate deuterium nuclei in linear or circular
accelerators. The adequate energy of accelerated deuterium nuclei should be
well calibrated for a final positive yield of fusion reactions (to induce more fusion
cores than fusion).
The electromagnetic fields required to keep the plasma
(cold or hot) (especially during cold fusion) should be maintained to narrow
the core more closely.
One must to destroy the fuel with accelerated deuterium
nuclei. The fuel will be made of heavy water and lithium. The optimal lithium
ratio should be tested. To achieve strong ionization of fuel, it is necessary
to keep the fuel in the plasma state. Under these conditions, instead of
deuterium atoms, deuterium nuclei (positive ions) are produced, which can be
accelerated by electromagnetic fields.
Environmental protection, through the implementation of
green energies, is gradually becoming a daily reality. Numerous green energy
sources have been introduced in recent years. Although this process initially
started with difficulties, it has led to the acceleration and implementation of
new green technologies. However, new major obstacles arise. The most difficult
global hurdle encountered, especially in the case of wind and photovoltaic
power plants, is the production of irregular and predictable green energy.
This study proposes solutions designed to address this
unpleasant aspect of irregular green energy production. The basic idea is
building nuclear power plants specially designed to act as energy reservoirs.
Nuclear power plants can really function as suitable energy reservoirs that can
operate at a minimum capacity when green energy (eg wind or PV) is produced
constantly (ie when the energy generated by turbines or photovoltaic panels has
a constant maximum capacity) or stopped.
Wind farms are reliable, economical, sustainable,
friendly and affordable (DUBĂU, 2015; EL-NAGGAR; ERLICH, 2016; PINEDA;
BOCK, 2016; RAMENAH; TANOUGAST, 2016).
Nuclear fission power stations have provided a great
deal of energy for the blue planet, however, when nuclear fusion plants are
rapidly approaching.
In the first part this paper has two major
contributions:
1 - proposes the creation of an energy buffer for the
use of nuclear power plants (currently for nuclear fission);
2 - presents some important theoretical aspects of the
fusion reaction.
A systemic approach embracing all R & D activities
that support the expansion of eco-efficient industrial and social systems that
respond to market and socio-cultural constraints is necessary to meet the
challenge of competitiveness and sustainability, alongside a more dynamic and
complex development. More complex scenarios, industrial and cultural.
Protecting the ecosystem by implementing green energy becomes a daily
technological reality.
Especially in recent years, different green energy
sources have been introduced in Technosphere and Valuesphere. The process,
which started with difficulty, but ultimately led to the acceleration and
implementation of new green technologies, is still affected by the major
limitations that arise. The biggest obstacle in the world was the unpredictable
and fluctuating green energy production.
Hydraulic energy has been one of the oldest used on our planet and continues to play an essential role today. The problem that limited it was that the hydro potential was generally used to the maximum and a strong further development is no longer possible (DUBĂU, 2015; EL-NAGGAR; ERLICH, 2016; PINEDA; BOCK, 2016; RAMENAH; TANOUGAST, 2016; Aversa et al., 2017; Aversa et al., 2016a; Aversa et al., 2016b).
In this paper, want to briefly present a new original idea that could restore the hydro energy potential of our planet.
There is more and more talk about free energy, but little of it is captured by people today, although technologies have advanced a lot and would allow such operations without too much cost. Capillarity is the tendency of a liquid in a capillary tube or absorbent material to rise or fall as a result of surface tension. Capillarity is the ability of a porous body or a tube to attract a liquid, which occurs in situations where the intermolecular adhesion forces between the liquid and the solid are stronger than the intermolecular cohesion forces within the liquid.
Capillarity is the ability of a porous body or a tube to attract a liquid, which occurs in situations where the intermolecular adhesion forces between the liquid and the solid are stronger than the intermolecular cohesion forces within the liquid.
Capillarity can induce an upward movement of water, contrary to gravity-induced descending. Capillary is a set of phenomena due to interactions between liquid and solid molecules (e.g., walls of a container) on their separation surface. The forces that emerge in this phenomenon are the cohesion, adhesion and surface tension. For example, it appears on the surface of the liquid in contact with solids that may appear high (in the case of water) because the forces of adhesion between water and the container containing it are greater than the forces of cohesion between the water molecules, or depressed mercury case), than the rest of the surface, because in this case cohesion is obliged to prevail in terms of adhesion forces.
A strange idea proposed by this paper (in the third
part of the paper) is to use capillarity and water in order to produce free
energy. A hydropower plant that works by capillary seems, at first sight, a
dangerous idea, but today it is likely to catch up with existing advanced
manufacturing technologies and nanotechnologies. The construction of tens,
hundreds or thousands of capillary vessels that can climb water to higher
levels could be possible today. In this way we will raise the water to a higher
level freely without the energy expenditure through the capillary processes,
then release the high water under high pressure, letting it fall from the
height to move the turbines of the respective power plant.
The energy thus obtained is free, clean, sustainable,
regenerable, friendly, easy to mount and used in any desired location.
Moreover, it will be possible to build such small-sized plants that work
directly within an enterprise, institution, hospital, dwelling, shop, stadium
... Such small power plants can be sized
to accommodate a block of flats or directly for apartments, meaning that each
apartment has such a mining power plant. It would be more appropriate for them
to function as a district or city center with large dimensions not to fit
within each block or apartment, but in the country areas where homes are
isolated they can be adapted and used as a mini energetic central per apartment
for individual households.
Capillary action (sometimes capillary, capillary, or
capillary effect) is the ability of a liquid to flow into narrow spaces without
the help or even contradiction with external forces such as gravity (fig. 1).
Figure 1: Capillarity of water compared to mercury, in each case considered to be a polar surface, such as that of glass
Source:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capilaritate#/media/File:Capillarity.svg
The effect can be seen in the process of raising
liquids between the hair of a paintbrush, in a thin tube, in porous materials
such as paper and plaster, in some non-porous materials such as sand and
liquefied carbon fiber, or in a cell. It occurs because of the intermolecular
forces between the liquid surface and the surrounding solid surface. If the
diameter of the tube is small enough, then the combination of surface tension
(which is caused by cohesion inside the liquid) and the adhesive forces between
the liquid wall and the container, act by pushing the liquid.
A capillary experiment to investigate capillary fluxes
and phenomena onboard the International Space Station showed that the
phenomenon occurs anywhere regardless of gravitational conditions, which may
justify the main idea of this work to use capillarity to raise
water to height, that is, at a higher level, in hydroelectric power stations,
in order to obtain hydraulic power through the hydraulic water through the
known classical variants acting on hydraulic turbines.
A common device used to demonstrate the phenomenon is
the capillary tube. When the lower end of a vertical glass tube is placed in a
liquid, such as water, a concave meniscus forms. Adhesion occurs between the
fluid and the solid inner wall that draws the liquid column until there is
enough liquid for the gravitational forces to overcome these intermolecular
forces.
The contact length (around the edge) between the top of
the liquid column and the tube is proportional to the radius of the tube, while
the weight of the liquid column is proportional to the square of the tube
radius. So a narrow tube will allow a larger column of liquid than a larger
tube since the inner water molecules have a coherent consistency with the outer
ones.
Capillary action is observed in many plants. The water
is brought up into the trees by branching; evaporation to the leaves creating
depressurization; probably through the osmotic pressure added to the roots; and
possibly in other locations within the plant, especially when collecting
moisture with airborne roots.
The capillary action for water absorption has been
found in some small animals, such as the Exotic Ligia (Sea beetle) and the
Moloch horridus (Spiny Dragon).
Capillary action is essential for the drainage of tear
fluid that is constantly produced from the eye. Two small diameter canals are
present in the inner corner of the eyelids, also called lacrimal channels;
their openings can be seen with the naked eye in the torn bag when the eyelids
are twisted.
Capillarity is also the absorption of a liquid through
a material in the form of a candle wick. Paper towels absorb liquid by
capillary action, allowing the transfer of liquid from a surface to the towel.
The small pores of a sponge act as small capillaries,
causing the absorption of a large amount of liquid. Some textile fabrics are
said to use capillary action to absorb sweat from the skin. These are often
referred to as absorbent fabrics.
Capillary action is observed in thin layer
chromatography where a solvent moves vertically onto a plate by capillary
action. In this case, the pores are voids between very small particles.
The capillary action attracts ink to the tips of pen
pens or a cartridge inside the pen.
In some pairs of materials such as mercury and glass,
the intermolecular forces in the liquid outweigh the forces between the solid
and the liquid, so that a convex meniscus is formed and the capillary action
works in the reverse direction.
In hydrology, capillary action describes the attraction
of water molecules into soil particles. Capillary action is responsible for the
passage of groundwater from wet soil into dry areas. Differences in soil
potential (Ψm) lead to capillary action in soil.
An electric capillary power plant will pick up water like trees using capillary, with the help of trillions of capillary vessels that will climb the water to the desired height in several steps. The force that raises the water is that of the capillary vessel systems (Mirsayar et al., 2017). Once raised water to the desired level, it can be released directly as in the classic hydroelectric systems to produce energy by rotating powerful turbines.
The height of a meniscus can be seen in Figure 2. Based
on this extremely important diagram, one can design how the capillary vessel
will climb water. At what height can water rise depending on the thickness of
the capillary, and some engineering optimizations will fix the number of steps
of the capillary systems necessary to raise the water to the desired final
level.
Figure
2: The height of water in a capillary plotted against the capillary diameter
Source:
https://www.setthings.com/ro/capilaritatea/
If one want fewer water lifting steps to the required
level, then we will design capillary vessels with a very small internal
diameter, but if we can build more water lifters levels then we can design
capillary vessels with a slightly larger internal diameter.
In the most appropriate case where a mega power plant of this
type will be built, if it is positioned in a windy area with wind power
stations, when the wind blows at a high and very high speed, producing more
energy in the wind than it can be taken over by the national energy system, the
wind energy surplus that is normally lost can be used to drive pumps that will
climb the water in the plant in addition to the capillary systems thus bringing
the plant power to even greater capacities.
2.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
All organic (organic) and inorganic materials are made up of elemental
particles called atoms. Atoms are formed around the nuclei by capturing
electrons that will rotate around nuclei in the form of electron clouds.
Generally, a normal atom will contain electrons equal to the number of protons
that are inside its nucleus. The core of the atom consists of two types of
nucleons, protons (each charged with a positive charge) and neutrons (uncharged
or neutral, zero) (HALLIDAY;D ROBERT, 1966; PETRESCU; CALAUTIT, 2016a;
PETRESCU; CALAUTIT, 2016b; PETRESCU et al., 2016a; PETRESCU et al., 2016b;
PETRESCU et al., 2016c; PETRESCU et al., 2017; PETRESCU et al., 2018; PETRESCU,
2018).
Figure 3: Diagram of atomic cores (atomic nuclei)
The nuclei are constructed from the minimal nucleus containing a single
proton by the addition of nucleons.
If the nuclei could resist the electromagnetic rejection forces, they
could only be made of protons. Since the first pair of protons reunited with
reciprocal forces are large enough to break the connection between them, it is
already necessary to connect the nuclear forces (attraction) so that the core
does not break. For this reason, for each proton added to the nucleus, at least
one neutron should be added to contribute to kernel equilibrium.
For light atoms with light nuclei (found in the first part of the
diagram in Figure 3), the required number of neutrons in the nucleus is lower,
and when going to the right to heavier atoms and nuclei, more neutrons will be
needed to connect nuclear powers do not break. In other words, since the
nucleus is larger (heavier), it will contain a greater number of neutrons in
its nucleons (HALLIDAY; ROBERT, 1966).
On-Line 45 there are nuclei that have an equal number of protons (Z = p) and neutrons (N = n), and above them, there are heavier nuclei at which the number of neutrons in the nucleus is higher than protons (HALLIDAY; ROBERT, 1966). Spontaneous nuclear spying can occur only on heavier and heavier nuclei located on the right on a larger surface of the graph, while nuclear fusion is only possible at the beginning of the left diagram for the very first very light nuclei such as the first three isotopes of hydrogen. The first circle drawn on the diagram in Figure 1 corresponds to the single nucleus formed by a single neutron (Z = zero protons) and (N = 1 neutron).
For Z = 1 (a single proton in the nucleus) there are three drawn variants corresponding to the three hydrogen isotopes). Neutron zero (N = 0) where the nucleus contains a single proton and will be called the proton (the first isotope of hydrogen, which the atom is called a certain nucleus and called the proton). The second variant with a neutron (N = 1) in which the nucleus contains a proton and a neutron is the second hydrogen isotope (as a deuterium atom and only the deuteron nucleus), which is located on the 45-degree line where the nuclei are balanced (Z = N). And the third variant at Z = 1 are the two neutrons (N = 2) representing the third hydrogen isotope (as a tritium atom and as a nucleus called triton), the triton nucleus containing three nucleons, a proton, and two neutrons (HALLIDAY; ROBERT, 1966; PETRESCU; CALAUTIT, 2016a; PETRESCU; CALAUTIT, 2016b; PETRESCU et al., 2016a; PETRESCU et al., 2016b; PETRESCU et al., 2016c; PETRESCU et al., 2017; PETRESCU et al., 2018; PETRESCU, 2018).
In order to better understand the nuclear mechanisms represented in the diagram in Figure 1, it should be noted that stable nuclei are represented as complete circles (black), while unstable nuclei are represented as hollow circles (white). So if the proton is stable, like the deuteron, the triton is unstable and even more, even the neutron is now considered unstable and can deform into a proton, an electron, and an antineutrino. Going to Z = 2 (two protons) we reach the helium with the three isotopes, the first two being stable (N = 1, N = 2) and the third is unstable (N = 4). An elementary mobile particle always moves and its kinetic energy is represented by relationship 1 (this being composed of two different entities: the kinetic energy of the translational motion and the kinetic energy of rotation motion), where J is the mass at the rotation movement of the element (particle) being the moment of mechanical inertia or moment of mass inertia, and M is the normal mass of the particle in translational movement, v is the velocity with which the particle moves in the translational motion, and w is the velocity of particle in its rotation motion around its own axis (HALLIDAY; ROBERT, 1966; PETRESCU; CALAUTIT, 2016a; PETRESCU; CALAUTIT, 2016b; PETRESCU et al., 2016a; PETRESCU et al., 2016b; PETRESCU et al., 2016c; PETRESCU et al., 2017; PETRESCU et al., 2018; PETRESCU, 2018).
(1)
The mass inertia moment of the particle J is a function of M, R at
square, and a constant K (relation 2).
(2)
Using relationship 2, expression 1 gets the form 3.
(3)
Pulse of the particle is written using the relation 4.
(4)
The wavelength associated with the particle can be determined with the relationship 5 (according to Louis de Broglie the pulse is conserved), where h is the Planck constant:
(5)
Wave frequency associated with the particle is determining by relationship 6, where c is the light velocity.
(6)
The angular velocity of the particle and its square can be calculated with the relationships 7.
(7)
Using expressions 7 the relationship 3 takes the form 8.
(8)
The kinetic energy of the moving particle can be determined and by the relationship 9.
(9)
Identifying the relationships 8 and 9 are obtained the expression 10 which can determine the radius of an elementary moving particle, where M is the particle mass in moving and M0 is the mass of the stationary particle.
(10)
The mass of
particle is quantum determined with the Lorentz relationship 11. Using the
quantum form for the mass M, the expression 10 takes the form 12.
(11)
(12)
Mechanical moment of inertia of a sphere around of one of its axes could be determined by using the relationship 13 (HALLIDAY; ROBERT, 1966; PETRESCU; CALAUTIT, 2016a; PETRESCU; CALAUTIT, 2016b; PETRESCU et al., 2016a; PETRESCU et al., 2016b; PETRESCU et al., 2016c; PETRESCU et al., 2017; PETRESCU et al., 2018; PETRESCU, 2018).
(13)
For such a spherical elementary particle, the radius R can be determined by the particular relationship 14.
(14)
3.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
If one takes an electron in motion and will apply the relationship 14, it obtains the results tabulated in Table 1, where beta is the ratio of the speeds given by the help relation 15 (HALLIDAY; ROBERT, 1966; PETRESCU; CALAUTIT, 2016a; PETRESCU; CALAUTIT, 2016b; PETRESCU et al., 2016a; PETRESCU et al., 2016b; PETRESCU et al., 2016c; PETRESCU et al., 2017; PETRESCU et al., 2018; PETRESCU, 2018).
(15)
Table 1: The
electron radius in function of b
|
b |
0.000009 |
0.00002 |
0.0001 |
R[m] |
4.93E-16 |
4.07E-16 |
8.15E-17 |
|
b |
0.001 |
0.01 |
0.1 |
R[m] |
3.05E-16 |
3.05E-15 |
3.04E-14 |
|
b |
0.2 |
0.3 |
0.4 |
R[m] |
6.04E-14 |
8.94E-14 |
1.16E-13 |
|
b |
0.5 |
0.6 |
0.7 |
R[m] |
1.41E-13 |
1.62E-13 |
1.78E-13 |
|
b |
0.8 |
0.9 |
0.99 |
R[m] |
1.83E-13 |
1.66E-13 |
7.47E-14 |
|
b |
0.999 |
0.9999 |
0.99999 |
R[m] |
2.61E-14 |
8.51E-15 |
2.71E-15 |
|
b |
0.999999 |
0.9999999 |
0.99999999 |
R[m] |
8.62E-16 |
2.72E-16 |
8.63E-17 |
Using the original method proposed by the authors, the moving electron beam can be determined with great precision, depending on the speed at which it moves. It can be seen from the results presented in Table 1 that the electron has no constant radius. The electronic phase depends primarily on the speed of movement and, secondly, on the rest mass.
From the table shown, the average radius of
an electron 1.09756E-13 [m] and a maximum electronic value of 1.83152E-13 [m]
corresponding to a b = 0.8 can be determined. The minimum radius value (in real cases)
is about 8.15E-17 [m], but may decrease more when the limits are reached. Electrons that normally move at low speeds of about
0.01c will have a range of 3.05E-15 [m]. Only this value can be found using
classical relationships already known.
One can determine the value of average radius of a proton (or neutron) 5.9779E-17 [m], and its maximum value 9.97547E-17 [m] @ 1E-16 [m] obtained for b =0.8 (Table 2).
Table 2: The
proton radius in function of b
|
b |
0.000009 |
0.00002 |
0.0001 |
R[m] |
2.68E-19 |
2.21E-19 |
4.43E-20 |
|
b |
0.001 |
0.01 |
0.1 |
R[m] |
1.66E-19 |
1.66E-18 |
1.65E-17 |
|
b |
0.2 |
0.3 |
0.4 |
R[m] |
3.29E-17 |
4.87E-17 |
6.36E-17 |
|
b |
0.5 |
0.6 |
0.7 |
R[m] |
7.71E-17 |
8.86E-17 |
9.69E-17 |
|
b |
0.8 |
0.9 |
0.99 |
R[m] |
9.97E-17 |
9.08E-17 |
4.06E-17 |
|
b |
0.999 |
0.9999 |
0.99999 |
R[m] |
1.42E-17 |
4.63E-18 |
1.48E-18 |
|
b |
0.999999 |
0.9999999 |
0.99999999 |
R[m] |
4.69E-19 |
1.48E-19 |
4.70E-20 |
4.
CONCLUSIONS
The paper provides
researchers or theoretician an exact tool for calculating the parameters of
elemental, atomic and nuclear particle.
This new work, one comes
back with a new dynamic hypothesis designed to fundamentally change again the
dynamic particle size due to the impulse influence of the particle. Until now
it has been assumed that the impulse of an elementary particle is equal to the
mass of the particle multiplied by its velocity, but in reality, the impulse
definition is different, which is derived from the translational kinetic energy
in rapport of its velocity. This produces an additional condensation of matter
in its elemental form.
Hydraulic energy has been
one of the oldest used on our planet and continues to play an essential role
today. The problem that limited it was that the hydro potential was generally
used to the maximum and a strong further development is no longer possible.
In this paper, want to
briefly present a new original idea that could restore the hydro energy
potential of our planet.
Capillarity is the ability
of a porous body or a tube to attract a liquid, which occurs in situations
where the intermolecular adhesion forces between the liquid and the solid are
stronger than the intermolecular cohesion forces within the liquid. Capillarity
can induce an upward movement of water, contrary to gravity-induced descending.
The idea proposed by this
paper is to use capillarity and water in order to produce free energy. A
hydropower plant that works by capillary seems, at first sight, a dangerous
idea, but today they can be realized with existing advanced manufacturing
technologies and nanotechnologies.
The construction of
trillions of capillary vessels that can climb water to higher levels could be
possible today. In this way one will raise the water to a higher level freely
without the energy expenditure through the capillary processes, then, release
the high water under high pressure, letting it fall from the height to move the
turbines of the respective power plant. The energy thus obtained is free,
clean, sustainable, renewable, friendly, easy to mount and used in any desired
location.
Until one of the two new
ideas proposed, the first for the start of the nuclear fusion reaction, and the
second one for the possible construction of capillary power plants in the
future, it is still necessary to keep the green energy of any type already
existing and nuclear fission.
5.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This text was acknowledged and appreciated by Dr.
Veturia CHIROIU Honorific member of Technical Sciences Academy of Romania
(ASTR) PhD supervisor in Mechanical Engineering.
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