Florian Ion Tiberiu Petrescu
IFToMM, Romania
E-mail: fitpetrescu@gmail.com
Relly Victoria Virgil Petrescu
IFToMM, Romania
E-mail: rvvpetrescu@gmail.com
Submission: 12/13/2018
Accept: 12/19/2018
ABSTRACT
This paper presents some aspects related to the human body's
hydraulics in the desire to make readers
aware of how to maintain all the blood vessels of the human body in order to maintain the entire healthy, functional, young, vigorous circulatory system for a while the longest
possible. The problem
is complex because it has to be viewed
from all points of view and not only as an isolated
system in the body, having aspects of fitback
on the whole physiopathology belonging to the human body. The highly circulating system needs permanent maintenance. Self-maintenance is done through various
physiological mechanisms tightly linked to each other, including
the lymphatic, digestive, renal, lung, nervous,
glandular system ... It is not possible
to completely separate
the physiology of a system from the other adjacent
systems because they all work synergistically, being permanently controlled by the central
and
peripheral nervous
system.
Keywords: Human body; Human body's hydraulics; Blood vessels;
Physiopathology; Anti aging
1. INTRODUCTION
This paper presents some aspects related to the human body's
hydraulics in the desire to make readers
aware of how to maintain
all the blood vessels of the human body in order to maintain the entire
healthy, functional, young, vigorous circulatory system
for a while the longest possible.
The problem is complex because
it has to be viewed from all points of view and not only as an isolated system in the body, having aspects
of fitback on the whole physiopathology belonging to the human body.
The highly circulating system needs permanent maintenance. Self-maintenance is done through various physiological mechanisms tightly linked to each other,
including the lymphatic, digestive, renal, lung, nervous,
glandular system ... It is not possible
to completely separate the physiology of a system from the other adjacent
systems because they all work synergistically, being
permanently controlled by the central
and
peripheral nervous
system.
The biggest problems with the old hydraulic
systems were maintenance and operation, because there was always something in the system
was blocking somewhere so the whole system stops or works
badly.
Even today, it is not easy
to maintain a hydraulic
system whose circuits
have quite large
lengths measured in meters.
Then how difficult should it be to maintain the human body's hydraulic system that measures
about 100,000 kilometers in length?
And
not for a few hours or days or years, but for a minimum
of 100 years, although
it may well be as good for 150 years. In fact, just maintaining this functional system for a longer time will prolong the life of the body consistently, this system
being very demanding and vital for the human body as
well.
By the way we maintain
the blood vessels of our body depends
on his health and his
life.
The cardiovascular / circulatory system is a device that allows the circulation of blood and lymph in the body to transport
nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc. It consists
of heart and blood vessels, arteries, veins, and capillaries that are spread across
a dense network throughout the body (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Simplified diagram of the
human Circulatory system.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#/media/File:Circulatory_System_en.svg
The
heart, weighing 350 grams per adult, has the shape of a cone with the tip
pointing down, and the base corresponds to the large vessels (CAVAL VEINS et
al., 2018).
It is a
muscular organ whose walls have four layers: the pericardium - the fibrous sac
in which the heart, the myocardium (the heart muscle) is housed inside the
endocard, and on the outside by a serous membrane, the epicardium.
The
heart pump has four chambers: the right and left atrium (or right or left ear)
with the thin walls - the receiving chambers - and the right and left
ventricles with the thicker walls representing the actual pump (Figure 2).
Figure 2: Diagram of the human heart
1. Superior Vena Cava 2. 4. Mitral Valve 5. Aortic Valve 6. Left Ventricle 7.
Right Ventricle 8. Left Atrium 9. Right Atrium 10. Aorta 11. Pulmonary Valve
12. Tricuspid Valve 13. Inferior Vena Cava.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#/media/File:Diagram_of_the_human_
heart_(cropped).svg
Between the cavities there are communication holes,
namely: between the atrium and the left ventricle - the mitral valve, between
the atrium and the ventricle as the tricuspid valve; of the left ventricle
comes out with the aortic valve aorta, and the right ventricle exits the
pulmonary artery with its valve. Well functioning of the valves helps the blood
filling of the heart during the resting period (diastole) and its propulsion
after contraction (systole) in the sea and the small circulation.
The heart is the only muscular
organ that rhythmically contracts, without interruption, from
embryonic life to death.
Cardiac automatism is provided
by a specialized center (the sinus node located in the right
atrium), from which the heart stimulus starts and from where it is transmitted further
from the atrioventricular node (located in the inter-atrial septum), then from the His beam (from the interventricular septum ) and the purkinje network (from the ventricular walls whose electrical activity gives positive and negative waves on the electrocardiogram (abbreviated ECG)).
The arteries represent the largest
blood vessels. They have the role of transporting oxygenated
blood from the heart to tissues and organs.
The drawings are represented in red. The artery is composed of three layers: the outer
tunic, the muscular tunic (middle tunic) and the inner tunic.
External tunic is made up of connective tissue with collagen
and elastin fibers, as well as vegetative nerve fibers and blood vessels providing
oxygen for the vascular wall. Medium or medium
tunica consists of smooth muscle cells and elastic
connective fibers. Internal tunica (also called vascular
endothelium) is a simple
pavimental epithelium found on a basal membrane and an elastic subendothelial layer.
The arteries have the highest
pressure due to the constant flow of blood pumped by the
heart.
The veins are responsible for transporting the deoxygenated blood from the tissues, organs back to the heart. Unlike
the arteries, the boundary between the tunics
is not uniform.
The internal tunica below the heart level has dovetail-shaped valves, called half- moon, that guide the blood flow; when the blood starts in the right direction, the valves remain
open due to cone-shaped positioning. If the blood wants to take it back, they close because of pressure. They are present because there
is nothing that pumps the blood back, so he can take it in any direction. Medium tunica is thinner,
while the outer one is thicker.
Capillaries are the smallest
blood vessels, reaching
even a diameter
of two or three cells (15-20 μm). Because
of their size they can reach anywhere in the body. The oldest
capillary network is found
on the lung alveoli.
The capillaries result from the ramification of the meta-cartels, continuing with the capillary
veins; have 0.5 mm long. The more metabolic the metabolic
activity of the tissue, the more
capillaries are present.
Exchanges of gases and other substances are carried
out by diffusion and filtration.
Blood pumping is done with the myocardium. When it contracts, the blood passes from the ventricles into the pulmonary arteries, respectively in the aorta, the stage being called
systole. After contracting, the diastole
follows, where the blood enters the atria in the upper and lower cavity veins and in the pulmonary veins, and then in the ventricles.
Circulation is represented by two stages:
diastole and systole.
They influence blood pressure and
heart noises.
The
diastole, also called the small circulation, is the passage
of
blood into the atria in the upper and lower cavity veins (right atrium) and the pulmonary
veins (left atrium)
and then into the respective ventricles. At this stage the blood pressure
is the lowest.
Systole, also called large circulation, represents the passage of blood
from the ventricles into the pulmonary
arteries (right
ventricle) and the aorta (left ventricle). This is done by contraction of the heart muscle. At this stage the blood pressure
is highest. Here is also the specific beating of the
heart.
The circulatory system of the lungs is the portion of the cardiovascular system in which oxygen-depleted blood is pumped away from the heart, via the pulmonary artery,
to the
lungs and returned,
oxygenated, to the heart via
the pulmonary vein.
Oxygen deprived blood of the superior
and inferior vena cava enters
the right atrium of the heart and flows through the tricuspid
valve (right atrioventricular valve) into the right ventricle, from which it is then pumped through the pulmonary
semilunar valve into the pulmonary artery to the lungs. Gas exchange occurs in the lungs, whereby CO2 is released
from the blood, and oxygen
is absorbed. The pulmonary vein
returns the now oxygen-rich blood to the left atrium.
A separate system known as the bronchial circulation supplies blood to the tissue
of the larger airways
of the lung (Figure 3).
Figure 3: The pulmonary
circulation as it passes from the heart. Showing both the pulmonary and
bronchial arteries.
Source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#/media/File:2119_Pulmonary_
Circuit.jpg
The brain has a dual blood supply that comes from arteries
at its front and back. These are called
the "anterior" and "posterior" circulation respectively. The anterior circulation arises from the internal
carotid arteries and supplies
the front of the brain. The posterior circulation arises from the vertebral arteries and supplies the back of the brain
and
brainstem.
The circulation from the front and the back join together
(anastomise) at the Circle of Willis.
The renal circulation receives around 20% of the cardiac output. It branches
from the abdominal
aorta and returns
blood to the ascending
vena cava. It is the blood supply
to the kidneys and
contains many specialized blood vessels.
The lymphatic system is part of the circulatory system.
It is a network of lymphatic vessels and lymph capillaries, lymph nodes and organs,
and lymphatic tissues and circulating lymph. One of its major functions
is to carry the lymph, draining
and returning interstitial fluid back towards
the heart for the return to the cardiovascular system, by emptying
into the lymphatic ducts. Its other
main function is in the adaptive
immune system (AVERSA et al., 2018a;
AVERSA et al., 2018b;
AVERSA et al., 2017a;
AVERSA et al., 2017b, AVERSA et al.,
2016a; AVERSA et al., 2016b;
AVERSA et al., 2016c;
AVERSA et al., 2016d;
AVERSA et al., 2016e;
AVERSA et al., 2016f;
AVERSA et al., 2016g;
AVERSA et al., 2016h;
AVERSA et al., 2016i;
AVERSA et al., 2016j;
AVERSA et al., 2016k;
AVERSA et al., 2016l;
AVERSA et al., 2016m;
AVERSA et al., 2016n; ALJOHANI; DESAI,
2018; ALEXANDER; WANG, 2018; APICELLA
et al., 2018a; APICELLA et al., 2018b;
APICELLA et al., 2018c; MARQUETTI; DESAI, 2018; ARMAH, 2018; WILK et
al., 2017).
The innervation of the vessels is accomplished through a sympathetic nerve fiber network
that is also called vasomotor
nerves and forms nerves called vascularis. Nerve fibers are more numerous
in the veins than in the arteries. The related
nerve terminations of the arterial
level can be classified into baroreceptors and chemoreceptors. Baroreceptors can be identified at the level of: Carotid sinus, located
immediately under the bifurcation of
the
primary carotid,
and the nerve endings
come from nerve XI;
Aortic arch.
The chemoreceptors can be identified at the level of: Carotid
Corpus, located at the level of the carotid
bifurcation, and consists of two types of glom cell; The aortic cortex, which is located between the sub clavicular and the right carotid,
on the right and near the left
sub clavicula on the left.
2. METHODS AND MATERIALS
As
has already been said, this highly circulating system needs permanent maintenance. Self-maintenance is done through
various physiological mechanisms tightly linked to each other, including the lymphatic, digestive, renal,
lung, nervous, glandular system ... It is not possible
to completely separate the physiology of a system from the other adjacent
systems because they all work synergistically, being permanently controlled by the central
and
peripheral nervous
system.
For this reason, and the pathophysiology of the renal system will be briefly presented.
We are made of water, almost 65% of everything we stand for as human beings
are water. We are born of water
which then gradually lose as we
get older.
This explains that a human embryo is 97% water, at birth the newborn
is made up of 90% water, toddler contains
80% water, the same child at school age will have a 70%
water, following that in adulthood to remain only 60-65%
water by weight.
The percentage of water also differ by gender and body fat percentage. So that women have a higher percentage of fat (placed
in the hands, hips and the cellular
tissue subcutaneous fat) than men, they will average 5% less water than men of the same age. This is because fat tissue has the ability to retain a very small amount of water,
which explains the reduction
of the
body's water content.
Water is the medium which holds all biological and chemical
reactions in the body, resulting in the production of heat and energy metabolism reactions that required
life support.
For these reactions can take
place is necessary that
substances to be dissolved in water,
otherwise they can not pry into ions and reactions
cannot occur.
The water is in the composition of all organs and helps them perform
their functions.
Blood contains 90% water,
muscles 75%, 83% brain,
lungs 86%, 83% kidneys,
eyes 95%, 22% bones.
Kidneys need water in order to filter the blood, digestive needs water for digestion, skin needs water to keep smooth and healthy,
and bones to maintain elasticity and strength
(BABAEV et al.,
2010).
Water circulates through the blood and lymph oxygen and nutrients
to the organs. Water
helps remove metabolic waste by the kidneys, which is impossible in the absence of
a quantity of water
acting as a conductor.
Water participates in the formation
and the growth of cells of the body. The water helps in maintaining a constant
body temperature by making the body thermoregulation.
When the body is overheated (summer or in fever) water removes heat which abound through perspiration, and in winter when the body suffers
from cold, water adapts
the body to keep warm blood around
vital organs, causing capillaries to contract to save water
losses (BUZEA et al.,
2015; PETRESCU et al.,
2015).
The main source of energy of living
matter is made in molecules known as ATP (Adenosine triphosphate).
An
ATP molecule may change
any sunlight heat to a form of energy which may
be
used by plants, humans, and
animals.
An ATP molecule
contains these four vital elements:
oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus (thirteen oxygen atoms, eight hydrogen atoms, five nitrogen atoms, and three phosphorous
atoms).
Of
the 28 atoms of an energy molecule ATP, 20 are originating from the water. Practically
is important how the atoms of the four elements are connected in an
ATP
molecule (Figure 4).
Figure 4: How the atoms
of the four elements are connected on one ATP molecule
When water is present at the cellular
level in small quantity, the cells (mitochondria) cannot produce enough energy. Then are decrease the number of energy molecules (ATP). The body is getting weaker (emaciated
energy), aging, and death.
Water loss triggers
thirst reflex (that
means it has already begun the process of dehydration and body suffer). Sometimes that thirst not works (to be inhibited by factors such as age, hormonal
disorders, or a chaotic lifestyle, but that does not mean that the body does not require
hydration). In addition,
dehydrated and tired brain refuses to send appropriate signals for thirst. Therefore
it requires some water consumption calculated from time to time whether
we are thirsty
or not. A serious problem is the
loss of water from cells
(cellular water loss) with age.
Brain affected. British researchers found that dehydration causes shrinkage of brain size but it returns
to normal immediately after consuming
a few glasses of water. When we lose water affected
the smooth functioning of the brain and nervous
system, leading
to the emergence of imbalances that we experienced as nervousness, irritability and anxiety,
tiredness, exhaustion and inability
to concentrate. Because
a dehydrated brain can’t think or process information correctly then are deducted
intellectual performances, short-term memory is also impaired
to a decrease of
only 2% of body water.
When decreases the hydration level of the body, lungs slow down their activity thus limiting
water loss through
breathing. Appear difficulty in breathing
and organs are not functioning
properly oxygenated in damage
(dizziness and general
bad).
When the water is low in the body appears
constipation and decreased urine output. Without
water, feces become
dry and hard, very difficult
to eliminate (manifested by abdominal
pain) and release
of toxins into the bloodstream. Urine becomes too concentrated, dark and limited as of quantity,
making kidneys to do not have enough water to remove metabolic
wastes. This concentrated urine promotes the crystallizing of molecules of calcium, oxalate and uric acid, ie kidney stones.
As the water level drops in the body (dehydration or old age) comes the drying of the skin and
mucous membranes. The skin loses its elasticity
and firmness, get easy wrinkles
and can exfoliate. The feeling of "dry mouth" look red and cracked
lips, saliva becomes sticky. Vary the pressure in the eyeballs,
eyes can’t produce tears, appears
the
feeling of "sand
in the eyes".
A headache
can occur due to decreased oxygen flow to the brain and its poor irrigation. Dehydration could also be the cause of migraines. It has been shown that the best approach
to a headache
is to drink a glass of water of 10 in 10 minutes for an hour.
Fatigue after meals can occur when there is a deficiency of water in the body. If the digestion process starts on a background deficient water, the blood thickens and for the hydration process, it draws water from vital organs (that so they dehydrate) in order to achieve digestion, which explains why, after eating,
we feel tired and flabby.
If you drink a glass of water before a meal, digestion is without difficulty and we feel energized.
When the body is very dehydrated can no longer
provide water to the blood circulation, case in which, may occur the state of shock, hallucinations, fainting
condition that can
culminate with coma and
even death.
Approximately 2/3 of the total water to a human body is located
in the compartment intracellular
(water that is kept as
a reserve
within every human cell).
A third is an extracellular water so apportioned: 20% extra vascular sector (Lymph
and interstitial fluid)
and 8% vascular sector (the water from blood).
Water flows freely and quickly between all these compartments in response
to changes of the solvents concentrations, to maintaining the balance between compartments (osmosis).
In
an adult of 70 kg, water is of about 40 l, of which 25 l is intracellular water, extracellular water 15 l; in the total plasma volume is typically 2.75 to 3 l. The water intravascular is at least 85% in the territory of the capillary
and venous and arterial within 15%. Of maintaining the volume
of arterial water depends
greatly on the arterial
blood pressure, regulation of extracellular
fluid volume, and retention of sodium and
water.
Sodium is the main extracellular cation and the determining element of achieving an effective
osmosis. The intracellular sodium concentration is an average
of 15 mmol/l
and the extracellular sodium 140 mmol/l. The average daily intake of sodium is 100-200 mmol. Sodium absorption occurs in the small intestine and colon. Body water (intra and extracellular) comes on one side of liquids
and foods (1-4 l / day), and on the other side of the oxidation of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins (200-500
g water daily).
Water is eliminated nonrenal (loss of skin and respiratory) and kidney (via urine formation). These water losses have an essential
role in the body to remove toxins
that accumulate in the human body permanently (intra and extracellular). The volume of urine daily intake can equalize
with the removal of water. Final urine is the result
of filtering of the plasmatic
water (levels 180 l/day)
and reabsorption (99% of the filtered water is reabsorbed into the renal tubule, of which approximately 66% is reabsorbed in the proximal
convoluted tubule,
iso-osmotic, non-adjustable; reabsorption adjustable occurs in the collector
tube, cortically and medullary). Urine is only 1% of the filtered water (1-2 liters/day). Water losses
(skin and respiratory) are 650-850 ml/day.
So, about a third of water with toxins is eliminating through the skin. In addition, the skin breathes like the nostrils, so it is necessary
not only maintaining skin cleanliness but and its integrity
(no burns or tattoos). Sodium is the main extracellular cation, representing the most important
force osmotic which maintains
the size of the extracellular fluid volume.
Increasing the total amount of
sodium in extracellular fluid is followed by an increased volume of the extracellular fluid compartment thereof and its overcharging. Increase blood pressure.
Syndromes of swelling (in congestive heart
failure, liver cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome) are medical
conditions with the increased
amount of sodium in the extracellular compartment (ABDUL-RAZZAK et al., 2012; AJITH et al., 2009;
ATASAYAR et al., 2009).
If the total amount of sodium
in the extracellular compartment decreases, the volume decreases and resulting depletion of the extracellular compartment volume (extracellular dehydration). In this case,
the water supply
decreases and from the blood, resulting in disorders
of the entire body. In case of a decrease
in the volume
of the sector plasma, it can observe
the acceleration in heart rate, decreased
blood pressure in lying or standing, pale skin and cool extremities, decreased urine output, flattening the neck and forearm
veins, the blood pressure
occlusion. In case of loss of more than 30% of plasma volume,
occurs the hypovolemic shock with cyanosis of extremities and neurological signs of cerebral
hypoperfusion (drowsiness, confusion, agitation).
Keeping the decrease of the volume of extracellular salt and water (much) longer produces an excessive consumption from the intracellular water reserves. It also produces
and decreased interstitial fluid volume. An interstitial sector is partly responsible for skin elasticity and firmness.
Such skin aging occurs and of the cells. With the
loss of water from the cells and energy is lost. Without enough water
in cells are produced
fewer ATP molecules
(even if we have enough mitochondria). Cell aging occurs and a lack of energy.
Conversely, in the event of increased
plasma sector, there is an increase in blood pressure.
All processes
of a human body are and finely controlled by the various hormones produced by glands.
In this respect, it is important to know as well as physio-
pathology of various
human processes. That happens and with retention or release of sodium
and water.
Renin is an enzyme formed and released
by the granule cells of the glomus
(AHMED et al., 2011). Renin
catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen (protein synthesized by the liver) to angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is converted by a converting enzyme
into angiotensin II, which
is biologically active
(COVIC et al., 2007).
Angiotensin II promotes salt retention through direct and indirect effects. It directly
stimulates sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule (by stimulating the exchange
Na+/H+). Indirectly,
it affects sodium balance
by stimulating the production and release
of aldosterone from the glomerular zone of the adrenal.
Aldosterone induces a sodium reabsorption (and K +
secretion) in the distal
convoluted tubule and sewer.
Vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone is regulated
primarily by the osmolarity of body fluids, but the vasopressin increases and in volume-depleted states. This promotes
water retention and restoration of body fluid volume.
The atrial natriuretic factor is a peptide synthesized by atrial myocytes and released
as a response to atrial distension. It is effective
to increase natriuresis by the action of vasodilating the afferent
arteriole with increasing DFG (glomerular filtration flow) and filtered soda task; It has
a direct inhibitory
action on the absorption of soda in the proximal tubule and medullary
tube collector. It has an inhibitory effect on renin release, ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
and aldosterone.
Prostaglandins have vasodilating renal action and induce
the removal of sodium
and water. They increase the excretion of sodium by increasing the amount of sodium filtered. And all they increase
water excretion by antagonizing ADH.
The sympathetic nervous system, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, the natriuretic peptide atrial and the vasopressin represent the four main systems regulators
who tailor
their activity in response
to changes in body fluid
volume.
All processes
of a human body are and finely controlled by the various hormones produced by glands.
In this respect, it is important to know as well as physio-
pathology of various
human processes. That happens and with retention or release of sodium
and water.
The sympathetic nervous system, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, the natriuretic peptide atrial and the vasopressin represent the four main systems regulators
who tailor
their activity in response
to changes in body fluid
volume.
Keeping the decrease of the volume of extracellular salt and water (much) longer produces an excessive consumption from the intracellular water reserves. It also produces
and decreased interstitial fluid volume.
The interstitial sector is partly responsible for skin elasticity and firmness.
Such skin aging occurs and of the cells. With the
loss of water from the cells and energy is lost. Without enough water
in cells are produced
fewer ATP molecules (even if we have enough mitochondria). Cell aging occurs and a lack of energy.
Conversely, in the event of increased
plasma sector, there is an increase in blood pressure.
Kidney health depends directly on the health of the entire body. Their illness leads to illness and aging of the body. If we can solve these problems
the human life could be extended
to 100, 150 or 200 years. Some experts
say that human aging starts right from its birth. We believe that aging is genetically programmed, but she begins
with the moment when
the body stops from growing.
Because
the most important essential cure for maintaining the body, but especially for the circulatory and renal apparatus, the heart
and the brain, together
with the central
and peripheral nervous
system, is vitamin C, that vitamin
will be presented
now.
If
one consider the statistics established by WHO regarding
the annual deaths
caused by coronary artery
disease, since the discovery
made by Canadian researchers in the 50s until today, were billion earthlings which died of cardiovascular disease, that could
be cured with vitamin C, if mankind
could have benefited by the experimental results
of Canadian researchers team. Deaths from heart disease (caused by chronic scurvy) could be avoided by a simple treatment
with vitamin C (WILLIS, 1953; WILLIS,
1954; WILLIS, 1957). What is not told to the patients
is the fact that open heart surgery
fails in 40-50% proportion of cases, since the disease
soon recurs after surgery. Solving the safest and effective
known heart disease,
it consists of daily administration of a dose of 6000 to 10,000 mg vitamin
C (ABDUL-RAZZAK, 2012; AHMED, 2011; AJITH,
2009; ATASAYAR, 2009; BABAEV, 2010; BUZEA, 2015).
It was known long ago that vitamin C deficiency in the body weakens
human arteries by forming
atherosclerotic plaques (infiltration of the walls of the aorta and arteries with fat), which blocks blood circulation. Dr. Pauling and his team found that upon submission of atheromatous plaques within the arteries, often occurs rupture
of a weakened
artery and resulting blood clots that lead to heart attack or stroke. Scurvy chronic
responsible for heart disease, it was confirmed
by cardioretinometry and was healed by daily doses of vitamin C, by Dr. Sidney Bush, from the UK. Dr. Sidney Bush noted that building
plagues are reduced
and disappear following
daily doses of up to 10,000 mg vitamin
C. Based on these observations he developed
a new method of
diagnosing coronary disease, called cardioretinometry.
Pericorneal vascularization demonstrates that all people are affected at some point by scurvy,
most of them suffering
from this condition
all the time. Chronic
subclinical form, unknown widely,
can be diagnosed using sequential electronic retinal
arterial images and cured by varying
amounts of vitamin C associated with some nutrients.
Free Radicals meet many critical functions in our body, checking blood passing through
the artery up to the fight against
infection. Some free
radical
signal molecules that are responsible for starting
and stopping of genes. Some free radicals, such as nitric oxide and superoxide, are produced
in large quantities by our cells immune to "poison" viruses and bacteria.
However in less than a second,
free radical may turn against
us, we may sicken
and we can grow old too fast. Where there is a stroke or a heart attack, or just an inflammatory disease
such as arthritis, free radicals are
existing or in production.
For us to understand what are free
radicals must be known human cells, where every
day, and every second, is wearing
a war between free radicals and antioxidants. Like anything
in the universe, and the cells are made up from smaller units called atoms. Each atom contains a nucleus
that is surrounded by electrons. Two or more atoms may be linked
by dividing electrons forming molecules. The biological process of oxidation
(the process of training
of energy), involve the transfer
of electrons from an oxygen molecule to the next.
For these reasons
sometimes may escape one lone electron. An atom remained without one electron (an ion) present
in the human body, bears the name of a free radical.
Free radicals are formed constantly almost everywhere in the body in an amazing proportion. If free radicals spread by all over the body are not caught,
may attack and oxidize
DNA, the genetic
material that controls growth and development of cells, promote
spiral down premature
aging, or may cause
many other heavy damages by intoxicating the body (HA, 2010).
Many people consume network antioxidants - vitamin
C, vitamin E, lipoic acid, coenzyme Q10, glutathione, etc because
they want to look and feel younger (BUZEA,
2015; PETRESCU, 2015). Keeping
antioxidant use -ie keeping free radicals in check can be one of the most effective
ways to slow the aging process. Antioxidants network (a network of special antioxidants) work together in the body. Only five are considered the network antioxidants: Vitamin C, Vitamin
E, lipoic acid, coenzyme
Q10, and glutathione. Vitamin C and E are not produced
by our body but must be obtained through food (ABDUL-RAZZAK, 2012; AHMED, 2011; AJITH, 2009; ATASAYAR, 2009; BABAEV, 2010; BUZEA, 2015).
When an antioxidant encounter a free radical,
the radical is automatically
joined to antioxidant molecular
structure (EL-GENDY, 2009; ENSTROM, 2014). Antioxidant becomes a new type of free radical,
harmless. This will exempt
cells and tissue
destructive action of a radically freely got out of control.
What really makes the
network of antioxidants to be special is that they can
"recycle" or regenerate after they were loosened
a radically free, widening and more power.
For example: When Vitamin
C triggers a radically
free it becomes weak free radical in the process.
This anti-oxidant can be recycled in the form of vitamin C. As an anti- oxidant
network saves him on the other side,
the cycle continues by making
sure that the body will keep the correct
balance of the antioxidants. This particular scenario - the antioxidant meets a free radical - it takes it, becomes
a free radical friend
- is recycled for another
antioxidant network - occurs repeatedly in the body, in the blink of an eye.
Research has estimated
that the number knocks
oxidative degradation administered daily DNA in each cell is 10,000
and if this figure is multiplied by the millions of cells in the body can be understood the scale of such processes in the human body. Each antioxidant has a unique niche in the cell; for example
in the areas of aqueous cell or in the blood, which consists primarily of water, they will act only vitamin
C and glutathione. Vitamin C prevents skin cancer,
guarding DNA of threat-free radicals.
In normal amounts, Vitamin C provides
beautiful skin (BUZEA,
2015; PETRESCU, 2015).
Vitamin C is essential
for collagen production cellular glue that holds the body bound and keeps skin young and supple. Vitamin C protects the body against
health problems especially in the elderly. Vitamin
C is considered the center
of the antioxidant network, because of the connection between fat-soluble antioxidants and the water soluble. Vitamin C is important
for reloading a fat-soluble vitamin E; when it becomes
a free radical, it best meets
function. Vitamin C (ascorbic
acid) is found in the following
foods: citrus, green peppers, broccoli, blueberries, strawberries,
tomatoes, cabbage (BUZEA, 2015;
PETRESCU, 2015).
The daily minimum requirement of Vitamin C at tissues
and cells level for a healthy man is 90mg/day for men, 75mg/day
women, 100 mg/day
smokers (PETRESCU, 2015). But always need a bigger tank because
these amounts could reach all tissues and cells of a healthy
organism: about 500-1000
mg/day. When the body is disturbed
or ill, quantities needed to repair
cells, are much higher
5000- 10000 mg/day. Whenever it is preferable to get our daily requirement of vitamin C only from food. But in tough conditions, when there is a diagnosed disorder or disease,
the body having really need large amounts,
must intervene urgently with high
amounts of vitamin C synthesized.
Canada’s variety 2 killer, just behind cancer,
is heart disease (HANSEN, 2014). It’s the variety one cause of hospitalization and the price to the Canadian
economy is staggering at $18.5 billion per year! What is the first sign of a heart attack? The first sign in those situations means death. Minimum 70 percent
of the heart attacks
take place in people with vas
blockages that don't seem
to be detectable by roentgenogram the foremost
relied upon method of assessment used today. On the other hand, more than 50% of people with a heart attack had normal cholesterol and 33% had no risk
factors for cardiovascular diseases.
The natural treatments are made with individualized schemes to avoid heart disease. Important and needed first step is to determine the health situation. These assessments include blood and urine laboratory testing. Computerized assessment measures the stiffness of the major artery and the aorta. Aortic stiffness increases blood pressure
and
puts a strain on your
heart. Moreover the heart
frequency variability (which is an important
indicator of the stress
of
the heart) is also measured (HANSEN, 2014).
Heart diseases prevention studies indicate that 93% of patients can control their blood pressure with diet alone by consuming more vegetables and fruits
and salt reducing. Studies, however, show that only 38% of patients
were able to keep this regimen.
Weight control
also prevents heart disease
but like diet, they are hard to keep up. In these
situations, medical treatment becomes a necessity.
Dr. Linus Pauling, Ph.D., won 2 Nobel prizes in medication and with Dr. M. Rath, M.D., established a cure for heart disease and a way to prevent it (RATH,
1990; RATH, 2003). They used high doses of aliment
C to strengthen the walls of blood vessels and stop the injury or breakdown
of the walls that results in plaque built up, and narrowing
of the blood vessels. They additionally
used high doses of essential amino acid, AN amino acid, to stop the excessive build-up
of plaque on the vessel walls. Taken along, vitamin C and lysine are clinically effective. Dr. Robert Cathcart, M.D. treated
over 20,000 patients
without one case of cardiopathy developing (YILMAZ, 2006).
Dr. U. Ravnskov, M.D., a great authority in the cholesterol theory, say that all drugs to lowering
cholesterol are very dangerous for our health and can shorten our life.
All these drugs are action by inhibiting the body’s
innate ability to produce
its own cholesterol. When one blocks the own cholesterol production it is creating significant complications on body health. Generally, cholesterol is an important life element
for our liver, skin, for brain health,
for the heart, etc. which are making the body’s hormones, being particularly
important when we age. When the hormone
levels decrease our bodies respond with increased levels of cholesterol to supply the basic elements to raise
our hormones levels (RAVNSKOV, 2009).
Meanwhile, the world experts in natural medicine
claim high cholesterol as a great risk factor,
there are other factors contributing to the development of heart disease
that is more significant. Thus with respect
to heart disease, a more comprehensive approach is needed.
Some experts from Harvard have found that inflammation is one of the major causes
of heart diseases. Today one knows that measurement of blood levels by C-reactive protein
(an inflammatory marker),
inflammation is a critical
indicator in need of investigation.
The need to reduce negative human cholesterol levels started from the need to reduce
the risk of cardiac or cerebrovascular accident. Natural medicines have today already a known history
of success in preventing and especially treatment of heart disease, offering some alternative safe and effective
treatments to classic
pills (which
after all are just drugs that do more harm to the body than good, dropping
more the good
cholesterol needed to the body).
Realistically most common sign of a heart attack is sudden death, unfortunately. Who survived such an attack,
however, it was the subject
of multiple and difficult tested,
treated with a lot of chemical drugs and perhaps,
unfortunately, has had to deregulate and one or more surgeries to control
the disease. If in some extreme cases surgery and drugs are absolutely necessary today, in most cases they can be replaced by natural methods of treatment (alternative treatments) or when the disease
is early (here the prevention can play an important
role) or in situations the inflammation did not exceed
certain limits.
The alternative (natural) medicine
has today more effective
and noninvasive treatment options. Therapy Pauling with lysine
(an amino acid) and high doses of vitamin C, already
has a history officially
recognized treatments successful in situations where the disease was early (preventive), and in difficult cases
of some patients who already had suffered
at least one attack stroke
or heart, with one or multiple surgeries, and heavy chemical
treatments. Chelation therapy with intravenous injections consisting of an essential
amino acid that removes
heavy metals from the body has a success rate globally
certified 87%.
Another intravenous therapy, plaques, became a primary treatment for heart disease
due to its ability
to reduce plaque deposited in the arteries. These alternative treatments are for those with heart failure who can cause fatigue,
shortness of breath, angina, and numbness in the
limbs.
Existing inflammation in the blood has been unanimously identified as a major cause of heart disease and C-reactive protein (which is measured
by a simple blood test) can donate valuable information
regarding your risk of a heart attack.
An oral or intravenous medication natural can be used to reduce inflammation. Homocysteine and lipoprotein levels can analyze and give useful
information on identifying the risk of blood clots.
Testing Vital Signs provides a measure
of the health of the heart as a score that can identify
the health of the heart, specifically the aorta (the major artery). This last test computerized non-invasive blood flow also assesses
the state of stress and
nervous system learned
about heart.
In
1953, Dr. G. C. Willis,
M.D., (a Canadian
doctor) first formulated the principle that all
cardiovascular diseases are linked to a deficiency of vitamin C
(ascorbic acid) in the body. He found that plaques
and inflammation occurring in the blood of patients were due to deficiency of vitamin
C in the body. Based on the idea already known that humans can’t synthesize their own vitamin
C as they do generally animals is needed in many situations a filler daily vitamin
C in the body, either naturally (from food)
or synthetic (when required
doses are higher) (WILLIS, 1953; WILLIS,
1954; WILLIS, 1957).
In the 1980s, medical research
led to the theory that heart disease starts
with a fracture (or stress) produced in the arterial
wall. The human body defends itself by producing a single
in liver lipoprotein (a) stored as plaque
in order to repair
the damaged artery wall (These materials
they gave a Nobel prize in medicine in 1985).
The theory was then supported
by German researchers, led by Dr. Beisiegel, which examined postmortem plaques and found only lipoprotein (a) but did not found and cholesterol considered "bad" (LDL cholesterol). Pauling and Rath have understood then that lack of vitamin
C (which can’t be manufactured by the liver) force liver to produces and uses instead of vitamin C lipoprotein (a) for the reconstruction of the broken
blood vessels.
That was understood that chronic heart disease
represents only a consequence
of
chronic scurvy (lack
of vitamin C prolonged). The liver produces and stores in its place
the plaque to repair
the tissue absented. But this thread (reserve)
has no elasticity and superior
properties of fabrics
produced normally with the help of vitamin C. On the other hand, needed reconstruction plaque behaves as a concrete, depositing
it in large quantities and obstructing the arteries.
Alternative medicine, herbal,
has made available
to patients (over time) more effective treatment
options therapies used varying in function
on the specificity and seriousness of the case. One way general treatment was initiated and then generalized in 1989 (after
many successful experiments, clinical and then patented in 1994 in the US) by Dr. Linus Pauling, Ph.D.,
and Dr. Mathias Roth, MD, the treatment
being known as "Pauling Therapy" (RATH, 1990; RATH, 2003).
Some researchers of the
University of California reports that patients taking a daily minimum
of 500 milligrams of vitamin C as a dietary
supplement, managed everyone to drop naturally (this way) C-reactive protein (CRP) in the blood by 24 percent after about two months of sustained treatment. More recent studies suggest
that CRP is a far better predictor of heart disease than cholesterol. C-reactive protein is a real indicator of inflammation in the blood and body, and there is today evidence that large
chronic inflammation generates both the risk of heart disease
or the occurrence of a stroke, but also an increased
risk of producing a shape diabetes, Alzheimer's disease
or other serious
diseases (Dr. Gladys Block,
UC Berkeley professor) (Gladys).
Dr. James Enstrom (University of California) investigated the benefits
of the addition of 300 mg vitamin
C daily (food supplement) on 11,000 people in over ten years. He showed that this additional minimal amount administered daily (300mg
vitamin C), reduces
the risk of heart disease by 50% in men and 40% in women (ENSTROM,
2014).
G.C. Willis doctor found that all those who consumed 1,500mg daily dietary supplement of vitamin C, within
a year, managed
to remove plaque
from arteries, and those who did not receive the treatment
with vitamin C have suffered
an increase
of plaque (WILLIS, 1953; WILLIS,
1954; WILLIS, 1957).
Dr. Sydney Bush has developed
a way to test the existence of plaque in the arteries
by optometry (photo retina). He could track and assess accurately
the
existence and plaque thickness deposited in the arteries
by this ingenious way of diagnosis. The method was devised in 2002 after being tested on more patients,
some of whom were treated daily with vitamin C. The method can accurately
predict the amount of
vitamin C present in an organism,
and
additional daily needs.
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) contributes to a wide range of benefits. Vitamin C is known to perform several critical functions within the body involving
such as detoxification, tissue-building, strengthen
the immune system, pain control,
and control or kill pathogens. It is known to be helpful
for wound and bone healing,
healthy skin and eyes, fighting
infections, stress management, toxic exposure, and repair damaged
the tissue of all kinds.
Richard T. Lee, MD, led a team of researchers from Harvard
Medical School, in order to test the 880 chemical compounds (all already authorized for use in humans in medicines, supplements, etc.) on their effect on stem cells embryo (in this case collected from mice). All stem cells used were initially
treated to emit a certain
color green when developed
in heart muscle cells, and only one chemical
issue (from all 880 tested)
managed to promote
stem cell activity, which
is just vitamin C (Richard).
Vitamin C has been used in tandem with vitamin
K3 in order to realize
an auxiliary treatment
against cancer, because vitamin C is the main antioxidant independent, playing
a key role in protecting healthy cells against
oxidative stress. When
vitamin C is used in combination with other
antioxidants such as glutathione and other drugs such as magnesium, sodium and optionally iodine,
it can cause considerable damage to cancer
cells, without affecting the healthy cells.
Dr. Sudhir Kurl of the University of Kuopio,
Finland conducted
a study of more than 2400 overweight patients who had high blood pressure. It was demonstrated that a low level of vitamin C made the risk of a stroke three times greater
(KUNUTSOR, 2016).
If we want to find out more we may read ‘Why Animals Don’t Get Heart Attacks - But People Do!’ by Dr.
Matthias Rath (RATH, 1990; RATH, 2003).
Our ancestors have undergone a genetic
mutation about 50 million
years ago, the mutation that caused the final enzyme in the liver vitamin
C synthesis to disappear. For this reason, the human liver has not made it and was so ordinary.
Principal missing
enzyme is called
GLO (gulonolactone oxidase).
In animals, it appears
and fulfills its function of vitamin C production in the liver. However, there are some animals such as gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans which share the same mutation
GLO and also can’t produce
vitamin C. These primates
can also have cardiovascular disease, if their food do not donate
them enough vitamin C. Except
for humans and primates, all
other animals have the three
enzymes in the liver which can
synthesize vitamin C from glucose (a simple
sugar).
Another exception is the guinea
pig (guinea pig, a rodent).
Guinea pig, for reasons not fully understood yet suffered the same genetic mutation as people,
and he was deprived of GLO enzyme.
However, this is extremely advantageous for us humans
as guinea pig can be used in various experiments needed to study the mechanisms that generate
human disease. The gorillas, chimpanzees,
and orangutans which lack the ability to synthesize
vitamin C also get heart disease.
Steve Hickey and Hilary Roberts have shown in their book and made the statement "Vitamin C and Tocotrienols can reverse coronary
artery disease" (Hickey,
2007).
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
According to the Private Health Research Laboratory, hypertension is the most dangerous
disease in the 21st century. It sheds more people
than cancer (CHOUDHURY; GREENE,
2018; CHOUDHURY, 2018), AIDS, hepatitis, diabetes, and tobacco
taken together!
List of pathologies associated with high blood pressure
when the disease is not cured
on time.
Stage 1. At first, blood pressure increases occasionally, but at the same time, the first symptoms of
hypertension are already
present:
·
headache,
·
Sleep disorder,
·
feeling tired,
·
palpitations,
·
ringing in
the ears,
·
feeling unmotivated
by anxiety,
·
shaking,
·
irrationality
without reason.
As
a rule, patients do not hurry to go to the doctor, while the dishes and the heart begin to
destroy.
Stage 2. The tension is growing
more often and rarely returns
to normal values.
The patient may experience severe eye pressure, memory
disturbances, swelling, abnormal working capacity, atherosclerosis, and decreased
vision. These symptoms indicate
that the disease has gone too far. If the necessary
steps are not taken at this
stage, the person will completely waste their health.
Stage 3. There are irreversible processes. Blood flow disturbances and high blood pressure
lead to the
occurrence of many associated diseases: nephrosclerosis, renal failure, blindness, angina pectoris, diabetes
mellitus, Alzheimer's disease, etc.
Stage 4. The blood vessels are so thin that internal
pressure is ruptured at high pressure. If a bowel breaks
out of the muscle, a heart attack
occurs in the brain - stroke.
Even if he does not die, he
will remain invalid all his life.
Treatments for lowering
blood pressure are multiple, with a very high diversity
depending on the patient, the doctor, the situation. However, it may be generalized as a preventive, or adjuvant,
use of dietary supplements containing vitamin C. It can be taken naturally
from cabbage, grapes, citrus, berries, tomatoes, onions, broccoli, strawberries, but it is often necessary daily synthetic
supplements to be also consumed as needed.
As
adjuvant treatments, acupuncture can also be used, or more pleasant and simpler, the homeopathy well applied by an experienced
specialist.
Regular cleaning of blood vessels of depositions that take place inside them also has the beneficial effect of prolonging life as well as installing a well-being on the applicant patient.
But this is just the first step
in the
anti-aging measures to be
taken.
4. CONCLUSIONS
The highly circulating system needs permanent maintenance. Self-maintenance is done through various physiological mechanisms tightly linked to each other, including the lymphatic, digestive, renal, lung, nervous, glandular system ... It is not possible to completely separate the physiology of a system from the other adjacent systems because they all work synergistically, being permanently controlled by the central and peripheral nervous system.
Treatments for lowering
blood pressure are multiple, with a very high diversity
depending on the patient, the doctor, the situation. However, it may be generalized as a preventive, or adjuvant,
use of dietary supplements containing vitamin C. It can be taken naturally
from cabbage, grapes, citrus, berries, tomatoes, onions, broccoli, strawberries, but it is often necessary daily synthetic
supplements to be also consumed as needed.
As
adjuvant treatments, acupuncture can also be used, or more pleasant and simpler, the homeopathy well applied by an experienced
specialist.
Regular cleaning of blood vessels of depositions that take place inside them also has the beneficial effect of prolonging life as well as installing a well-being on the applicant patient.
But this is just the first step
in the
anti-aging measures to be
taken.
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This text was acknowledged and appreciated by Dr. Veturia
CHIROIU Honorific member of Technical Sciences
Academy of Romania
(ASTR) PhD supervisor in Mechanical Engineering.
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