COMPARATIVE
ANALYZES OF TECHNOLOGICAL TOOLS BETWEEN INDUSTRY 4.0 AND SMART CITIES
APPROACHES: THE NEW SOCIETY ECOSYSTEM
Wilson Gasparotto Storolli
FCA – UNICAMP, Brazil
E-mail: wstorolli@gmail.com
Ieda Kanashiro Makiya
FCA - UNICAMP, Brazil
E-mail: iedakm@gmail.com
Francisco I. Giocondo César
IFSP/FCA – UNICAMP, Brazil
E-mail: giocondo.cesar@gmail.com
Submission: 05/03/2018
Revision: 29/03/2018
Accept: 15/10/2018
ABSTRACT
Today the growth of modern cities is unprecedented in the history of
urbanization and the urban environmental problems have also been increased. Unfortunately,
we do not have much time to correct past failures, improve the status quo and ensure the protection of
environment. Consequently, developing sustainable urban planning is important
and its role in urban management issues is an objective that requires new
approaches.
On the other hand, Industry 4.0 (I.4.0), also called the 4th
Industrial Revolution, carries impacts in the production in companies, as well
as in the economy and society, with disruptive character, creating new markets
and destabilizing the traditional way of doing business. Once I.4.0 is a
strategic approach to the integration of advanced control systems with internet
technology, enabling communication between people, products and complex systems,
it is expected to follow the same in the Smart Cities development. This article aims to relate technological tools of I.4.0 and the
dimensions of “Smart Cities”,
based on an analytical framework for better understanding the emergence
of new society ecosystem focused on the redefinition of the concept of cities, urbanism
and way of life, motivated by this new reconfiguration.
The
study has answered the questions: 1- Smart Cities are using common
technological tools of I.4.0, and 2- I.4.0 Tech tools have relevance as main
booster for “new” Smart Cities concept, giving a guidance to the managers for a
strategic development orientation, suggesting they should prioritize the
introduction or development of IoT, IoD and IoS.
Keywords: Smart
Cities, Industry 4.0, Fourth Industrial Revolution
1. INTRODUCTION
The
Industrial Revolution is a movement of humanity’s evolutionary nature process
(GERLITZ, 2015). The 4th Industrial Revolution, being called
“Industry 4.0”, had its name coined in 2011 in Germany (originally Industrie 4.0), being part of the
government strategy with industrial and academic societies to recover the world
technological leadership and based on the complete interconnection of
information in real time, using the concepts throughout the value chain of
Internet of Things (IoT), Internet of Services (IoS), Big Data, Smart Factory,
Cyber-Physical systems (CPS) etc. (KAGERMANN et al., 2013).
I.4.0, as an industrial
revolution with disruptive character, more than carrying impacts in the economy
and society, also brings challenges and opportunities in the scientific,
technological, economic, social or political dimensions (ZHOU; ZHOU, 2015).
Smart
City, according to European Smart Cities 4.0 (2015), Caragliu et al. (2009),
Maier (2016), Roblek et al. (2016), Lom et al. (2016), Kummitha and Crutzen
(2017), Ahvenniemi et al. (2017) and Basiri et al. (2017), Trilogy based on
Technology, Government and Society, introduces the features of a Smart Economy,
Smart Mobility, Smart Environment, Smart People, Smart Living and Smart
Governance, in which the main goal is to ensure the sustainability of cities,
improving the quality of life and security of their citizens, and provide
maximum energy efficiency, using the contribution of the latest technologies,
impacting on those six mentioned key areas.
The
purpose of this article is, in an unprecedented way to the best of our
knowledge, to identify the relations of the Smart Cities development dimensions
approach with "Industry 4.0" revolution, its common technological
tools, and the relevance on boosting a “new” Smart Cities concept, as a
guidance to the managers for a strategic development orientation.
2. THEORETICAL CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
2.1.
Industry
4.0
The 4th
Industrial Revolution or Industry 4.0, originally called “Industrie 4.0”, was identified in 2011 in Germany, during the
development of the German Government Strategic Plan for 2020. According Gerlitz
(2015), this worldwide movement is an evolutionary nature process and its
definition comes naturally evolving, but basically is: "a strategic
approach to the integration of advanced control systems with internet
technology, enabling communication between people, products and complex systems
(ANDERL, 2014)”.
For
this study, a literature review was conducted to identify the main factors
necessary for the implementation of the concepts of "I.4.0", and the
main technological tools cited in Smart Cities papers are: Additive
Manufacturing-3D print- (ANDERL, 2014), Automatic Guided Vehicle-AGV
(MARTÍNEZ-BARBERÁ; HERRERO-PÉREZ, 2009), Application computer programs-APP/APPS
(Waze, Uber, etc) (SANDERSON, 2010), Artificial Intelligence-AI (BROOKS, 1991), Automation System (PARASURAMAN et al., 2000), Big
Data Warehouse (MILOSLAVSKAYA E TOLSTOY, 2016), Big Data Analytics (RUSSOM,
2011), Cloud Computing (MELL; GRANCE, 2011), Cyber-Physical System-CPS
(KAGERMANN et al., 2013), Cyber Security (SOLMS; NIEKERK, 2013), Data Mining
(HOPEN, 2015), Business Intelligence-BI (HOPEN, 2015), Horizontal
Integration (KAGERMANN et al., 2013), Internet
of Data-IoD (ANDERL, 2014), Internet of Services-IoS (SCHWAB, 2016), Internet
of Things-IoT (FLEICH, 2010), Simulation Software (BANKS, 1998), Smart Devices
(phone, tablet, watch) (THOMPSON, 2005), Smart
Factory (HERMANN et al., 2015), Smart Identification (RFID[1]
tag, NFC[2],
Bluetooth) (MAGLIO; LIM, 2016), Smart Sensing (PRYTULA, 2011), Traceability
(METZNER et al., 2014; Machado, 2000), and Information and Communication
Technology-ICT (SCHUMACHER et al., 2016).
Despite
not being a specific I.4.0 technique, we have contextualized ICT to better understand
some approaches in this study and the application in I.4.0. We can consider a
wide range of tools, such as: IoT, IoS, IoD, Cyber Security, Cloud Computing,
Big Data & Analytics, Data Mining, BI, etc. IoT requires highly scalable
computing platforms that can manage the big IoT data in terms of processing,
access and storage without affecting the performance of the application (Ahmed
et al., 2016).
To
understand the thematic of industrial revolutions and how I.4.0 can impact on
the afore mentioned environmental, social and economic dimensions changes, can
contribute to give better directions in Smart Cities development.
According to Anthopoulos (2016), the
term “Smart City” was coined in 1994, at the launch of the “Amsterdam Digital
City” in Holland with the Geneva-MAN project, involving the redefinition of
that metropolitan area.
Basiri et al. (2017) mention that paying attention to the development of sustainable urban
planning is important, and its role in urban management issues is an objective
that requires a new approach to urban planning. The concept of smart cities
already holds the potential to address aspects of the sustainability challenge
by promoting citizens’ participation, developing innovative and smart solutions
for sustainability, increasing efficiency in city systems, and adopting a
transparent and inclusive governance system.
Many
definitions of smart cities exist, and a range of conceptual variants is often
obtained by replacing “smart” with alternative adjectives, for example,
“intelligent or digital”. Intelligence has been basically associated with the
ICT-based innovation, creating a "paradox" between "smart"
and "habitable", because in some cases there is no need to use
technological intelligence, although tools are encouraging the leadership of
attractiveness (ANTHOPOULOS, 2016).
According
to him, several models of some authors evaluate Smart Cities using a series of
definitions and indicators that address the urban and technological
characteristics, and some of these organizations are drawing standards and
homogenization of industrial products, among which the main ones are: 1- International
Standards Organization-ISO (2014) defines Smart City as a new concept and a new
model, which applies new generations of ICT to facilitate the planning,
construction and management of intelligent services. 2- International
Telecommunications Union-ITU (2014) defines the Smart City as being one that is
sustainable and innovative, using ICT and other tools to improve people’s quality
of life, the efficiency of the operation, urban services, and competitiveness,
ensuring the interests of present and future generations, in the aspects of
economic, social and environmental sustainability.
Any
urban context that optimizes the provision of services through technology while
keeping a balance between competitiveness and sustainability can be considered
a “smart” city, town, village or neighborhood. A smart strategy aims to improve
the quality of life of the people using the technology as a facilitator of this
process. However, we must consider that information and technology alone will
not build an intelligent city, but its capacity and ability to effectively and
efficiently meet the needs of its citizens (CEBREIROS; GULÍN, 2014), and according
to Kagermann et al. (2013, p. 5), I.4.0 tools will, undoubtedly, give direction
and solve some current global challenges, such as resources and energy
efficiency, urban production and demographic change.
Kourtit et al.
(2017) say the advent of ICT has provided many opportunities to design and
implement Smart and Sustainable Cities, sometimes also called Wired Cities
(cities connected by cables and wires), intelligent cities, WIKI cities (from
Wikipedia, used as a fast and light city), or digital cities. In recent years,
the popular concept of “smart cities” has often been linked to advanced ICT use
in cities, aiming at enhancing efficiency (e.g. competitiveness) and
sustainability (e.g. energy saving).
The
increased use of digital technologies in shaping and governing the modern and
complex urban system, as a “cyber world”, has led to an avalanche of digital
data systems, called “big data”. Such data may relate to a variety of
phenomena, such as: use of public facilities, traffic flows, emergency services,
weather conditions, mobile phone usage, or crowd emergency, etc, often in a
real-time context. Smart Cities use data e and make them available for
scientific analysis and planning with a view to fostering the urban performance
for the city organization itself, for the residents and for the business
sector.
2.3.
Dimensions
of Smart Cities
According
to the Global Cities Institute-GCI (2015), a city infrastructure comprises
waste management, water supply, sanitation, energy, telecommunications systems
and mobility networks. GCI sets, through the ISO 37120, the Global City
Indicators Facility (GCIF indicator) to measure the quality, performance and
resilience of services in the sustainable development of communities, which can
also provide a comparison with the "smart cities” competitors.
On
the other hand, many authors have been setting criteria and dimensions to
identify a “Smart City”, in which dimensions, techniques and tools are mixed.
Gaur
et al. (2015) declare that a Smart City provides an intelligent way to manage
components, such as transport, health, energy, homes and buildings, and the
entire environment.
According to the
website "European Smart Cities 4.0 (2015)” and corroborated by many
authors as we can see in the sequence, Smart City, or Intelligent City, is the
one that brings together technology, government and society to introduce the
following characteristics into the city: Smart Economy, Smart Mobility, Smart
Environment, Smart People, Smart Living, and Smart Governance.
Approaches on other
dimensions were not analyzed in this study, considering they are somehow
related to the previous ones or because they have lesser importance than
others, but it will need a more detailed study in the future.
As another contribution of this
article, to understand the thematic and dimensions of Smart City can contribute
for better use of the I.4.0 technological tools, for faster development and
better results.
3. METHODOLOGY
This article was an exploratory study based on literature review on the
technological tools of “Industry 4.0” and dimensions of a "Smart City”.
After, we did a cross check of concepts, in which we tried to identify
citations in many papers from several authors that could corroborate that the
main technological tools from I.4.0 are being used in Smart Cities development,
resulting in the content explained in the sequence.
Databases as Capes
Portal, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Web of Science and Scopus were used for
these researches. The key words used were: "Smart Cities, Industry 4.0,
Fourth Industrial Revolution", and the research was done from 2009 to
2017. An analytical framework making correlation among Smart Cities dimensions
and I.4.0 technological tools was developed.
4. RESULTS
In
Table 1, we summarize the vision and citation of some authors related to the
approaches of Smart City dimensions.
We
realize that the six dimensions (indicators or figures) defined by the European
Smart Cities 4.0 (2015) are among the most cited in the Table 1, in which
Mobility (or Transportation) was the most mentioned with 95% of the papers,
followed by Governance (or Administration, or Management) with 80%, Environment
and People (or Citizen, or Communities) both with 65% and Living and Economy both with 55%. Therefore, in this study we are using
the top eight defined and remarked in the table, by adding the other two more
cited, Energy (or Grid) with 55% and Buildings (or Utilities) with 45%, thus
forming the eight main dimensions, which will be used to analyze their
interactions with the main I.4.0 tech tools.
a) In this study we are using some expansion of the dimensions, trying to
aggregate some similar understanding from other words and expressions. Thus, we
have considered:
b) Smart Economy: everything related to economy, financial and business.
c) Smart Mobility: mobility control, e.g., monitoring parking availability,
traffic control (ROBLEK et al., 2016); Smart Transport (Mobility): NFC payment,
quality of shipment conditions, item location, storage incompatibility
detection, fleet tracking, electric vehicle charging, vehicle auto-diagnosis,
management of cars, road pricing, connected militarized defense (VERMESAN;
FRIESS, 2014).
d) Smart Environment: forest fire detection, air pollution, landslide and
avalanche prevention, earthquake early detection, protecting wildlife,
meteorological station network, marine and coastal surveillance (VERMESAN;
FRIESS, 2014).
e) Smart People: A combination of Education, Lifelong learning, Ethnic
plurality and Open-mindedness (EUROPEAN SMART CITIES 4.0, 2015).
f) Smart Living: Intelligent shopping applications, energy and water use,
remote control appliances, weather station, smart home appliances, gas
monitoring, safety monitoring, smart jewelry, community (VERMESAN; FRIESS,
2014).
Table 1: Smart Cities figures definition
Source: Storolli, Makiya and Cesar, 2017
a) Smart Buildings: Smart infrastructure when smart devices are
incorporated into buildings (ROBLEK et al., 2016). Perimeter access control,
liquid presence, indoor climate control, intelligent thermostat, intelligent fire
alarm, intrusion detection systems, motion detection, preservation of art and
goods, residential irrigation (VERMESAN; FRIESS, 2014).
b) Smart Grids: or Smart Energy, photovoltaic installations, wind turbines,
water flow, radiation levels, power supply controllers (VERMESAN; FRIESS,
2014).
In
Table 2, we made a correlation between the Smart Cities dimensions figures top
eight defined in Table 1 and the main I.4.0 technical tools, to understand
their relations and how they are connected, once we are supposing technology is
the main booster for I.4.0 and Smart Cities as well.
The
numbers in the matrix correlation in Table 2 (1 up to 41) are related to the
statements made by the authors described below, which are the motivation of
this study:
a) Kummitha and Crutzen (2017): Information and Communication Technologies
(ICTs), the proponents of such a technology-centered approach go on to
elaborate the implications of ‘smart’ technology in other contexts of city
life, such as ‘smart mobility’, ‘smart environment’, ‘smart people’, ‘smart
economy’, ‘smart living’, and ‘smart governance’.
b) Kummitha and Crutzen (2017): Information and Communication Technologies
(ICTs) are claimed to be at the core of the smart city discourse (GRAHAM; MARVIN,
2001), which emphasizes "enhancing the socio economic, ecological,
logistic and competitive performance of cities" (KOURTIT; NIJKAMP, 2012
p.93).
c) Kummitha and Crutzen (2017): the intent of the smart city is to offer
its citizens the highest possible quality of urban life solutions (BAKICI et
al., 2013; COCCHIA, 2014). The adoption of technologies, mainly ‘internet of
things’ (IoT) and their integration into the city infrastructure, to advance
effectiveness and efficiency in the city environment.
Table 2: Correlation between
Smart Cities dimensions and I.4.0 technological tools
Source: Storolli, Makiya and Cesar, 2017
a) Ljaz et al. (2016): The smart city is designed, constructed, and
maintained by using highly advanced integrated technologies, which include
sensors, electronics, and networks that are linked with computerized systems
comprised of databases, tracking, and decision-making algorithms.
b) Ljaz et al. (2016): The term global village seems very coherent with the
smart city, as urbanization is dependent on the latest technologies and
Internet. The concept is also influenced by the industries promoting and
selling their products such as GPS, iPad, smartphones and other technologies.
Hence the smart city promises smarter growth. It is said that proper
investments in developing the systems of a city through embedded technologies
will help to promote an immense growth in the economic system as well. Certain
pioneering cities that are considered the next generation smart cities.
c) Ljaz et al. (2016): It should be considered that the latest information
and communication technologies (ICT) that are the core part of an efficient
smart city are the Internet of things (IoT), smartphone technology, RFID (Radio
Frequency Identification System), smart meters, semantic web, linked data,
ontologies, artificial intelligence, cloud computing, collective intelligence,
software, smart apps, and biometrics.
d) Ljaz et al. (2016): The concept of IoT plays a vital role in the
development of an ideal and secure smart city.
e) Ljaz et al. (2016): The IoT is considered as a major research and
innovation idea that leads to a lot of opportunities for new services by
interconnecting physical and virtual worlds with a huge amount of electronics
distributed in different places, including houses, vehicles, streets, buildings
and many other environments.
f) Ljaz et al. (2016): The concept of Smart Cities is distinguished on the
fact that it is solely dependent on embedded systems, smart technologies and
the IoT. In general term, a Smart City relies on information technology and on
the embedded infrastructure to facilitate it for a better living standard.
g) Ljaz et al. (2016): The issues of information security also need to be
addressed for a better economic development of a Smart City. The requirements
of ideally secured and reliable smart cities need to be recognized considering
most of the technologies, specially focusing on IoT, cloud computing, real
world user interfaces, smart sensors, smartphones, semantic web etc (linked to
the item 7).
h) Ljaz et al. (2016): A very important factor that plays a key role in
developing a Smart City is “big data”. The production of large data sets in a
smart city is an inevitable phenomenon including national consensuses,
government records, and other information about the citizens. From such data,
the smart cities can extract very important information, helping real time
analysis and ubiquitous computing. The author elaborates that though the big
data provides various opportunities for smarter life, it still brings
challenges of security and privacy.
i) Ljaz et al. (2016): the information security in Smart City is mostly
dependent on three factors: governance, socioeconomic and technological
factors. These factors influence and identify the information security issues
in a smart city. The ICT technologies work together to form a smart city, but,
although they implement the whole infrastructure of a smart city and provide
solutions for information security problems, they also trigger new concerns and
problems regarding security, privacy, protection and resilience.
j) Ljaz et al. (2016): "...the governance and socioeconomic factors
are dependent on the technological factors as these are implemented in a smart
city through technology".
k) Ljaz et al. (2016): Smart mobility may cause privacy concerns as personal
information disclosure could happen when collecting, publishing, and utilizing
trace data. Here, localization techniques include GPS, GSM, WiFi, Bluetooth,
and RFID because centric servers do not need to know device IDs. Some of the
smartphone apps that provide services of smart mobility take mobile data and
use trace analysis and data mining techniques.
l) Ljaz et al. (2016): Energy and utility services are increasingly relying
on smart grids that use bidirectional communication with the users in order to manage
the distributed energy efficiently. Cloud computing also plays its role by
providing features that are well suited for smart grid software platforms. Data
security and privacy remain top concerns for utilities and users, which is
playing a crucial setback in the adoption of smart grids.
m) Ljaz et al. (2016): The Internet of Things (IoT) incorporates a huge
number of distinguished and heterogeneous devices and gives free access to
information for various online services for smart cities. IoT plays a gigantic
role in developing and maintaining the services of a smart city, hence making
the issue of secure information flow a huge task with respect to it.
n) Ljaz et al. (2016): Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags are being
used immensely in the various components of smart city including smart
environment, industry and mobility, etc. It has brought significant benefits in
many other areas as well through improving real-time information visibility and
traceability.
o) Ljaz et al. (2016): Smart grids play a core part in a smart city
regarding energy deployment and management. These are actually communicating
instruments including sensors and communication networks that help in
communicating data in real time.
p) Ahvenniemi et al. (2017): A common understanding, also shared by the
European Commission (2012), is that diverse technologies help in achieving
sustainability in smart cities. According to the latter source, smart cities
and communities focus on the intersection between energy, transport and ICT,
which are also the fields that have received most of the EU's public smart
cities related funding (under the Horizon 2020 program “smart cities and
communities”).
q) Ahvenniemi et al. (2017): Caragliu et al. (2011)
state that a city is smart “when investments in human and social capital and
traditional (transport) and modern (ICT) communication infrastructure fuel
sustainable economic growth and a high quality of life, with a wise management
of natural resources, through participatory governance”.
r) Badii et al. (2017): In general, all smart city solutions must cope with
big data volume, variety, and veracity. Open data as static data are not the
main source of information in the city. Most of the big data problems connected
to the smart city platform are related to real-time data as the vehicle and
human mobility in the city, energy consumption, health care, and IOT. It is
obvious to state that, cloud and distributed systems approaches are at the
basis of the big data solutions provided for smart city, as well as IOT solutions
at the basis for collecting data from sensors and devices in the city.
s) Basiri et al. (2017): Smart City Characteristics: In order to enable
this to happen, a number of key characteristics are required:
• The city will be instrumented to allow the collection of increasing
amounts of data about city life;
• The data from different sources and city systems will be available to be
easily aggregated together to gain far greater insight into what is going on in
the city;
• In addition, analytics and decision-making systems will be used, so that
this knowledge can be used effectively, both by city managers and planners, and
by the citizen, to support real time decision making and enable effective
actions to be identified that will enable future requirements to be met;
• The city will also be automated, to enable appropriate city functions to
be delivered reliably, and effectively, without the need of direct human
intervention;
• The city will have a network of collaborative spaces, to enable dynamic
communities that will spur innovation and growth and enhance citizen
well-being; and
• The continual interaction between the physical and digital worlds
enables the decision-making processes to be much more open and inclusive, so
that citizens, policy makers and businesses can work together effectively to
manage the life of the city for the benefit of all (ISO, 2014).
t) Basiri et al. (2017): Benefits of Smart City – The application of
information technology in Smart Cities can produce various benefits:
• Reducing resource consumption, notably energy and water; hence
contributing to reductions in CO2 emissions (NYC, 2007);
• Making new services available to citizens and commuters, such as
real-time guidance on how best to exploit multiple transportation modalities;
• Revealing how demands for energy, water and transportation peak at a
city scale so that city managers can collaborate to smooth these peaks and to
improve resilience.
The widespread use of digital sensors and digital control systems for
the control and operation of urban infrastructure, including traffic sensors,
building management systems, digital utility meters, and so forth, have become
feasible as a result of recent progress in technology.
u) Karakose and Yetis (2017): Smart City aims to achieve strong city
characteristics such as economy and culture, with more efficient use of the
physical infrastructure by using cyber computations such as artificial
intelligence and data analytics. On the other hand, electronic platforms, which
are also used for making people more active in choices about city and even
country, are utilized in smart city concept. Using such platforms not only make
people’s life easier but also provide us data to analyze other components of
smart city. So, we use Internet and mobile platforms for taking orders. With
the electronically gathered information, some estimates can be made to make the
production process more efficient (CPS). Furthermore, the information can be
used for learning algorithms, and self-modified systems can be achieved.
v) Karakose and Yetis (2017): Producing mass-customized products is more
complex than producing regular ones. In order to find the optimal solutions,
application software and hardware should work in harmony. Such a system depends
on similar characteristics with CPS. Machines in a factory work according to
pipeline method. So, when a machine works on one product, another machine works
on probably another one. This makes the system responsible for managing all
machines simultaneously one by one. So, the production can be shipped easily by
the autonomy shipping vehicles that are a part of smart city.
w) Minoli et al. (2017): The large footprint defines a sizable market
opportunity for technical solutions incorporated in Building Management Systems
(BMSs), which are now increasingly based on IoT principles. Inexpensive sensors
are emerging, and user-friendly applications are becoming available, often as a
software of cloud-provided service; these developments are now driving the
deployment of the IoT in building applications. BMS is a comprehensive platform
that is employed to monitor and control a building’s mechanical and electrical
equipment; they are used to manage loads and enhance efficiency, thus having
the ability to reduce the energy needed to illuminate, heat, cool and ventilate
a building.
x) Talari et al. (2017): There have been a lot of service domain
applications that utilize an IoT substructure to simplify operations in air and
noise pollution control, the movement of cars, as well as surveillance and
supervision systems. The developments on the Internet provide a substructure
that enables a lot of persons to interlink with each other.
y) Talari et al. (2017): Providing IoT improves cities and affects the
different features of humans’ life by creating cost-effective municipal services,
enhancing public transformation, reducing traffic congestion, keeping citizens
safe and healthier. Moreover, it plays a vital role in the national level
associated with policy making (e.g., energy conservation and pollution
reduction), monitoring systems, and needed infrastructures. Thus, it helps to
supply a system with more efficiency, lower cost and more secure operation
through energy conservation rules, economic attention as well as reliability
level.
z) Talari et al. (2017): According to the US National Intelligence Council,
the IoT is one of the most efficient sources of US economic profits on the way
to 2025.
aa) Roblek et al. (2016): the “smartness economy” will change the way of
creating added value. Sources of production may change, but additional services
will be accessible via Internet. This can already be seen in smart mobility,
automobile leasing, and various examples relating to the industrial Internet,
mechanics, and heavy industry; in cases of smart homes (smart devices), which,
for example, may include, along with a TV, a fridge and a game console equipped
with an IP number and connected to the IoT (MARTIN, 2015). These days the
Internet relates to more than a billion people through personal computers,
tablets, and smartphones.
bb) Lom et al. (2016): In the concept of Industry 4.0, the Internet of
Things (IoT) shall be used for the development of so–called smart products.
Important aspects of the I.4.0 are Internet of Services (IoS), which includes
especially intelligent transport and logistics (smart mobility, smart
logistics), as well as Internet of Energy (IoE), which determines how the
natural resources are used in proper way (electricity, water, oil, etc.).
cc) Lom et al. (2016): The IoT concept is expected to offer advanced
connectivity of devices and products. Each device connecting to internet is
being expecting having a set of smart services called Internet of Services
(IoS). The interconnection of these embedded devices is expected to usher in
automation in nearly all fields, while also enabling advanced applications such
as a smart grid.
dd) Anthopoulos (2016): The Smart Sustainable City is an innovative city
that uses information and communication technologies (ICT) and other means to
improve quality of life, efficiency of urban operation and services, and
competitiveness, while ensuring that it meets the needs of present and future
generations, with respect to economic, social and environmental aspects
(Mobility, People, Governance, Economy, Grid).
ee) Anthopoulos (2016): For a Smart City, visitor gains come up from the
city's performance in terms of planning (urban spaces and parks, streets,
sidewalks etc.) and utilities' efficiency (transportation networks, bike and
car sharing etc.), and then by the accompanied intelligence (creativity, Wi-Fi
and App identification, smart stations etc.).
ff) Anthopoulos (2016): A brief view to the Future Smart City according to
the examined cases' visions can be depicted, which shows cities try to enhance
their living – the latest by 2050 – with cyber-physical integration on
existing, renovated and new districts; with sustainably planned new districts;
with digital economy's growth; and with city monitoring.
gg) Ahmed et al. (2016): The forecast of such significant growth shows IoT
will become the fabric of modern societies to realize the vision of smart
environments. The integration of IoT with a smart environment extends the
capabilities of smart objects by enabling the user to monitor the environment
from remote sites. The work on IoT-based smart environments can generally be
classified into the following areas: smart cities, smart homes, smart grid,
smart buildings, smart transportation, smart health, and smart industry.
hh)
Gaur et al. (2015): The main aim is to
connect all sorts of things (sensors and IoT’s) that can help in making the
life of citizens more comfortable and safer. An example is provided by
communication services in the home domain for connecting telephone devices and
PC through the internet. In the case of the Government sector, cloud and
communication services are combined to obtain a better governance system. In
the case of the health sector, communication technologies can be used to
connect health statistics, medication and location of the patient from a remote
location, thus helping to achieve a Smart Health system. Hence, with Smart City
and communication technologies we can provide a more secure and convenient
infrastructure for better living in the Smart City environment.
ii) Vermesan and Friess (2014): The Internet of Things and Services makes
possible to create networks incorporating the entire manufacturing process that
convert factories into a smart environment. The IoT application domains
identified by IERC (Internet of Things European Research Cluster) are based on
inputs from experts, surveys and reports. The IoT application covers
"smart" environment/spaces and self-aware things devices in domains
such as smart transportation, buildings, city, lifestyle, retail, agriculture,
factory, supply chains, emergency, health, living, care, user interaction, culture
and tourism, environment, food, energy-grid, mobility, digital society and
health applications.
jj) Vermesan and Friess (2014): The deployment of ICT to create "smart
cities" is gaining momentum in Europe, accentuated by the numerous pilot
projects running at regional, country and EU levels. Initiatives revolve around
energy and water efficiency, mobility, infrastructure and platforms for open
cities, citizen involvement, and public administration services. Projects are
carried out in the form of collaborative networks established between the
research community, business (economy), the public sector, citizens and the
wider community, and they foster an open innovation approach. Technologies such
as smart metering, wireless sensor networks, open platforms, high-speed
broadband and cloud computing are key building blocks of the smart city
infrastructure.
kk) Caragliu et al. (2009): A recent and interesting project conducted by
the Centre of Regional Science at the Vienna University of Technology
identifies six main ‘axes’ (dimensions) along which a ranking of 70 European
middle size cities can be made. These axes are: a smart economy; smart
mobility; a smart environment; smart people; smart living; and, finally, smart
governance. These six axes connect with traditional regional and neoclassical
theories of urban growth and development, focused on regional competitiveness,
transport and ICT economics, natural resources, human and social capital,
quality of life, and participation of societies in cities.
ll) Gerlitz (2015): From the environmental responsibility perspective,
design integration and implementation in the industry 4.0 context enables
organizations to introduce more environmentally friendly practices. New
integrated design approaches combined with key innovation creating technologies
(3D printing) have positive impact on corporation strategic orientation: from
the logistical point of view, production of spare parts on demand reduces
logistical practices, and thus, environmental impact. Energy and fuel consumption
can be efficiently saved through reduced logistical interactions, as the need
for warehouses and their integration in the supply chains become unnecessary.
As a result, the environmental impact is also reduced through saved energy
usage and fuels used to transport and distribute spare parts concerned. This,
in turns, allows greater sustainability of product / service through material
savings, reduced resource usage and ecological mindset.
5. DISCUSSION
We
recognize Smart Cities as an innovation ecosystem for the society, towards
deeper understanding of challenges and demands related to citizen’s quality of
life reconfiguration, based on new solutions in infrastructure and services. On
the other hand, the fourth Industrial Revolution drives the implementations
using many of the techniques and technological tools developed within the scope
of the term industry 4.0 as a basis.
Seen
in these terms, Table 3 below shows the main relationships among Smart Cities
Dimensions and Technological Tools of Industry 4.0 and, especially, the main
relationships identified among them by the research carried out.
Table
3: Number of citations in the Correlation Smart Cities dimensions and I.4.0
technological tools
Source:
Storolli, Makiya and Cesar, 2017
We
found specific stronger relations between the IoT & Smart Mobility (17
citations), IoT & Smart Environment (16), IoT & Smart Living (15), IoT
& Smart Grids (14), IoT & Smart Economy (13), IoS & Smart Mobility (13), IoS & Smart Grids
(13), IoD & Smart Mobility (13), IoD & Smart Grids (13) and IoT &
Smart Governance (12). IoT has strong relation with 6 of 8 Smart Cities
dimensions in the top 10 and a little bit lower in relation with People and
Building. It was identified 100 citations of IoT with all Smart Cities
dimensions as represented in the last column of the table.
In
the sequence, IoD and IoS have strong relations to the Smart Mobility and Grids
dimensions, and good relations with Smart Economy, Environment, Living and
Governance, getting 75 and 73 citations, respectively. Therefore, we must
consider both strong relationship with IoT and their intrinsic properties of
operationalization.
Graphic
1 represents the Pareto analysis as a technique to identify the most used tools
in the studied dimensions, to reconstruct the environment in the most connected
and intelligent cities. So, we have also identified the technological tools as
Big Data Warehouse & Analytics, Cloud Computing, Cyber Security, Data
Mining, BI and Smart Devices, which have been pushing the development of cities
and improving the quality of life, citizens security and energy efficiency.
Despite of not being among the top, smart devices can also be considered,
because most of the “tech tools” mentioned use them as interface with human
beings.
Graphic
1: Pareto of top 10 levels citations in the Correlation Smart Cities dimensions
and I.4.0 technological tools
Source:
Storolli, Makiya and Cesar, 2017
6. CONCLUSION AND LIMITATION
The
bibliographical study was limited to articles related to the subject
"Industry 4.0", “Smart City”, scientific articles (congresses and
magazines), technical (non-scientific) magazines, Government publications and
consulting available. Due to the contemporaneity of the themes, there is an
opportunity for further detailed studies due to the fast-technological tools
development.
This
scenario stimulates the exploration of the Smart Cities as living laboratory
with increasingly decentralized operations, due to the connectivity provided by
technology, with changes in real time, more autonomously, in the same way as in
the industry 4.0 approach.
With
the need for a careful and systematic analysis in the adoption of systems and
processes for the new configurations of cities, many people can be affected
directly or indirectly by this living laboratory.
The
disruptive models of managing services for smart citizens are embedded in an
innovation ecosystem that increasingly demands ICT management, in which the
knowledge-based and connected society prevails in information as a groundwork.
Therefore,
Big Data Warehouse & Analytics, Cloud Computing, Cyber Security, Data
Mining, BI and Smart Devices become the basis of all technological change
allowing and stimulating other
tools such as IoT, IoD, IoS in achieving full growth and development in a
scalable way.
When
scalability is achieved, these technological solutions become more affordable,
more cost-effective, more democratically available, which amplifies and
increases the capillarity of Triple Helix (companies, government agencies and
researchers) actions to improve quality of life of people in general.
Following
the original purpose of this article, it was identified the relations of the
Smart Cities development dimensions with Industry 4.0 technological tools and
their relevance as main booster for a “new” Smart Cities concept, and it was
released a management guidance proposal for a strategic development orientation
of a “new Smart City”, taking priority with IoT, IoD and IoS.
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